Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease

In the paper

“The stress response is a highly conserved process essential for survival under conditions of environmental challenge (McEwen et al 2015, McKlveen et al 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites McEwen et al 2015, McKlveen et al 2015 source

In the paper

“in some cases, executive impairment may be a direct consequence of an underlying disease process independent of stress.”

In the paper

“human fMRI studies of large-scale interconnectivity networks identified the central executive network (CEN) as one of three core neurocognitive networks.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Menon 2011 source

In the paper

“Anomalies in the recruitment of prefrontal circuitry and patterns of activation in major depression have also been shown (Johnstone et al 2007), with decreases in activation of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) (Drevets 1998) and hyperactivation of the OFC (Biver et al 1994, Drevets et al 1992).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Johnstone et al 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Drevets 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites Biver et al 1994, Drevets et al 1992 source

In the paper

“rats exposed to chronic stress displayed atrophy of the associative network (dorsomedial striatum-prefrontal circuitry) and hypertrophy of the sensorimotor network responsible for automated responses (dorsolateral striatal-prefrontal circuitry).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al 2009 source

In the paper

“this work demonstrates stress produces structural and functinoal changes in fronto-striatal circuitry that reduces the ability of an individual to shift from automated behavior to goal-directed behavior and may be maladaptive in situations of change.”

In the paper

“both acute stressful life events and chronic stressors are strong risk factors for the development of mental illnesses such as mood disorders (Beck 2008, Kessler 1997), anxiety disorders and addictive disorders (Kessler et al 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Beck 2008, Kessler 1997 source
• Not checked yetcites Kessler et al 1997

In the paper

“processes underlying working memory, problem solving and cognitive flexibility are negatively affected by acute stress (Oei et al 2006, Plessow et al 2011, Plessow et al 2012, Schoofs et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2009, Steinhauser et al 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Oei et al 2006, Plessow et al 2011, Plessow et al 2012, Schoofs et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2009, Steinhauser et al 2007 source

In the paper

“In the aftermath of an acute stress exposure, executive processes improve and these effects have been shown to correlate with genomic corticosteroid actions (Henckens et al 2011, Het & Wolf 2007, Maheu et al 2005, Oei et al 2009, Putman et al 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Henckens et al 2011, Het & Wolf 2007, Maheu et al 2005, Oei et al 2009, Putman et al 2007 source

In the paper

“individuals with major depressive disorder show impairments in working memory (Landro et al 2001, Rose & Ebmeier 2006) and cognitive flexibility on the Wisconsin card sorting test (Merriam et al 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Landro et al 2001, Rose & Ebmeier 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Merriam et al 1999 source

In the paper

“Acute stress in humans has been shown to activate saliency networks centered around the amygdala, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, insula, striatum, and locus coeruleus, and is responsible for enhancing sensory gain and environmental scanning, resulting in better performance (Cousijn et al 2010, Oei et al 2012, van Marle et al 2009, van Marle et al 2010).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cousijn et al 2010, Oei et al 2012, van Marle et al 2009, van Marle et al 2010 source

In the paper

“about 1 hour after exposure to a stressful stimulus, when catecholamine levels are low but glucocorticoid levels are still elevated, the neurocognitive processes associated with the salience network weaken (Henckens et al 2012, Henckens et al 2010), while working memory and the ability to perform cognitive tasks improve, along with reduced anxiety behavior.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Henckens et al 2012, Henckens et al 2010 source

In the paper

“in other brain regions, such as amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and putamen, chronic stress increases dendritic elaboration and produces structural hypertrophy (Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006 source

In the paper

“These data suggest that GABA-related “overinhibition” may underlie working memory impairment in schizophrenia, and that targeting this system may offer a strategy for treating such impairments.”

In the paper

“lorazepam, a positive modulator at the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine site, impaired working memory in healthy controls, with even more impairment in the patient group.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Menzies et al 2007 source

In the paper

“low doses administered to stably medicated patients can improve cognitive performance in working memory tasks, likely via prefrontal D1 receptor activation (Barch & Carter 2005, Goldberg et al 1991)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Barch & Carter 2005, Goldberg et al 1991

In the paper

“the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil significantly improved working memory in the patient group but impaired working memory in healthy controls (Menzies et al 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Menzies et al 2007 source

In the paper

“FG7142 also mimics the increased norepinephrine release in the PFC that accompanies stress, implicating a role for norepinephrine in the detrimental effects on PFC-mediated working memory.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source

In the paper

“working memory deficits are present in a wide range of stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as PTSD (Veltmeyer et al 2006), depression (Rose & Ebmeier 2006), substance dependence (Bechara & Martin 2004), schizophrenia (Stone et al 1998), and ADHD (Martinussen et al 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Veltmeyer et al 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Rose & Ebmeier 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Bechara & Martin 2004

In the paper

“stress-induced working memory impairments are accompanied by increased prefrontal dopamine turnover and release, similar to the prefrontal dopamine dysfunction seen in schizophrenia.”

In the paper

“We excluded articles where the deficits in executive functions were confounded by neurological conditions or physical trauma.”

In the paper

“Administration of stimulants to unmedicated schizophrenic patients can enhance positive symptoms (Angrist et al 1980, van Kammen et al 1982), which is likely due to subcortical D2 receptor activation.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Angrist et al 1980, van Kammen et al 1982 source

In the paper

“vortioxetine reverses working memory impairments caused by serotonin depletion, effects attributed to its 5HT1A agonism (du Jardin et al 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites du Jardin et al 2014 source

In the paper

“Lesions of the mPFC, as well as compromised connectivity of the inferior PFC to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions, result in deficits in attention in rats and humans (Maddux & Holland 2011, Muir et al 1996), (Arnsten 2009, Arnsten & Rubia 2012, Aron & Poldrack 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Maddux & Holland 2011, Muir et al 1996
• Not checked yetcites Arnsten 2009, Arnsten & Rubia 2012, Aron & Poldrack 2005 source

In the paper

“Attention is another executive function of the PFC that is affected by an individual’s emotional and motivational state (Goetz et al 2008) and is often impaired by stress in both humans and in animal models.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Goetz et al 2008 source

In the paper

“modafinil enhances working memory in healthy individuals as well as individuals with a wide range of psychiatric illnesses, and this improvement is likely due to modafinil’s catecholaminergic actions (Kalechstein et al 2010, Kalechstein et al 2013, Minzenberg & Carter 2008).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kalechstein et al 2010, Kalechstein et al 2013, Minzenberg & Carter 2008 source

In the paper

“students in the negative stressor condition (where stress was induced by engaging in a competitive computer task) were quicker to switch their attention from negative words to positive or neutral words, and participants who had higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were slower to redirect their attention from negative to positive words (Ellenbogen et al 2002).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ellenbogen et al 2002 source

In the paper

“modafinil, an atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor, reverses chronic stress-induced impairments in a spontaneous alternation task in mice and improves working memory in non-stressed animals (Pierard et al 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pierard et al 2006 source

In the paper

“Military personnel with a high practice time of mindfulness training during the high-stress pre-deployment period demonstrated increases in working memory capacity, while those in the military control group or those with low practice time demonstrated decreases in working memory.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jha et al 2010 source

In the paper

“systemic administration of fluoxetine did reverse a predator stress-induced deficit in working memory, while the benzodiazepine diazepam was not effective (Hage et al 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hage et al 2004 source

In the paper

“expressive writing, in particular about a negative stressful experience, produced higher increases in working memory capacity in college freshmen compared to those writing about a trivial topic; these gains were associated with decreases in intrusive and avoidant thinking (Klein & Boals 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Klein & Boals 2001

In the paper

“Taken together, these studies suggest that the effects of stress on attention may depend on the amount of time one is subjected to stress (i.e. chronic, acute, and experimentally-induced brief stress) and the emotional valence of the stimuli presented during the task.”

In the paper

“Another form of behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), improves subjects’ ability to direct attention and detect changes in stimuli through mindfulness training (Jha et al 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Jha et al 2007 source

In the paper

“OFC and infralimbic (IL) mPFC have been shown to mediate response inhibition, as lesions of these areas produce premature responding in the 5-CSRTT and SSRT (Chudasama et al 2003, Eagle et al 2008a, Eagle & Robbins 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Chudasama et al 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Eagle et al 2008a
• Not checked yetcites Eagle & Robbins 2003 source

In the paper

“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol produced deficits in attention, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole improved continued attention (Bari & Robbins 2013b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bari & Robbins 2013b

In the paper

“Activation of α2 autoreceptors improved attention in some studies (Smith & Nutt 1996), but not in others (Fernando et al 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Smith & Nutt 1996
• Not checked yetcites Fernando et al 2012 source

In the paper

“drugs such as methylphenidate that function by increasing extracellular dopamine through DAT inhibition are routinely used to target attention deficits, and these effects are context-dependent (Volkow et al 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Volkow et al 2005 source

In the paper

“Within depressed patients, one session of TMS targeted to the left DLPFC increased activity within the region and increased attention in an affective go-no-go task (Bermpohl et al 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bermpohl et al 2006 source

In the paper

“Additionally, the role of striatal D2 receptors have been linked to impulsivity and addictive behavior (Volkow et al 2007).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Volkow et al 2007 source

In the paper

“Additionally, both NMDA-R antagonism and 5-HT2A receptor activation result in increased glutamate release (Aghajanian & Marek 2000, Moghaddam et al 1997).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Aghajanian & Marek 2000
• Not checked yetcites Moghaddam et al 1997 source

In the paper

“Microinjections of fluoxetine into the OFC increase response inhibition in rats already showing impulsive tendencies, but have no effect in low impulsivity rats. This finding indicates direct effects of SSRIs within the PFC of animals already exhibiting a deficit, but do not enhance response inhibition in normal animals (Darna et al 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Darna et al 2015 source

In the paper

“The serotonergic system has long been implicated in the regulation of behavioral inhibition (Evenden 1999, Linnoila et al 1983).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Evenden 1999 source
• Not checked yetcites Linnoila et al 1983 source

In the paper

“which may increase levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine leading to increased NMDA-R function within the mPFC, and subsequent beneficial effects on response inhibition measures (Carli et al 2011, Carli & Invernizzi 2014, Darna et al 2015, Mirjana et al 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Carli et al 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Carli & Invernizzi 2014
• Not checked yetcites Darna et al 2015 source

In the paper

“In comparing patients before and after 10 weeks of VNS, the treatment significantly improved response inhibition, as well as other cognitive symptoms (Sackeim et al 2001).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Sackeim et al 2001

In the paper

“This form of learning is mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), as evidenced by impairments in reversal learning following lesions of this region in humans (Fellows & Farah 2003, Hornak et al 2004), monkeys (Dias et al 1996), mice (Bissonette et al 2008) and rats (McAlonan & Brown 2003).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Fellows & Farah 2003
• Not checked yetcites Hornak et al 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Dias et al 1996 source

In the paper

“Similarly, phencyclidine (PCP), when used at doses to mimic schizophrenia-like symptoms in rats, impaired reversal in some cases (Abdul-Monim et al 2007), but in other studies it was found to have no effect (Brigman et al 2010, Janhunen et al 2015), or to even improve reversal learning (Dix et al 2010, Fellini et al 2014, McAllister et al 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Abdul-Monim et al 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Brigman et al 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Janhunen et al 2015 source

In the paper

“Other brain regions important for reversal learning are the striatum (Cools et al 2002, Rogers et al 2000), amygdala (Izquierdo et al 2013, Schoenbaum et al 2003, Wassum & Izquierdo 2015) and the hippocampus (Mala et al 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cools et al 2002 source
• Not checked yetcites Rogers et al 2000 source
• Not checked yetcites Izquierdo et al 2013 source

In the paper

“other activators of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), have been shown to correct the reversal learning deficits induced by cold stress, and blockade of IL-6 signaling or JAK2 inhibition produce deficits in reversal learning (Donegan et al 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Donegan et al 2014 source

In the paper

“In a recent study, the ability of ketamine to correct stress-induced reversal learning deficits was accompanied by decreased field potentials in the OFC evoked by activation of mediodorsothalamic afferents, and both effects required activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the OFC (Patton et al 2016).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Patton et al 2016

In the paper

“Indeed, LTD is required for optimal reversal learning: administration of a ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA subunit 2B (GluN2B) selective antagonist or blockade of GluA-R internalization prevents LTD in the hippocampus, and produces a disruption of spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze (Dong et al 2013, Duffy et al 2008, Mills et al 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dong et al 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Duffy et al 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Mills et al 2014 source

In the paper

“Thus, it is possible that ketamine’s beneficial effects on reversal learning are due to regulation of AMPA-R transmission.”

In the paper

“The effects of vortioxetine are not due solely to its ability to inhibit serotonin reuptake, since the drug was effective in correcting reversal learning deficits induced by serotonin depletion with PCPA (Wallace et al 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wallace et al 2014 source

In the paper

“In animal models, the outcomes of experiments with acute stressors have been mixed, possibly due to varying intensity of the stress used.”

In the paper

“In monkeys, serotonin depletion within the prefrontal cortex using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine caused reversal learning deficits, but not set-shifting deficits (Clarke et al 2004, Clarke et al 2005).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Clarke et al 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Clarke et al 2005 source

In the paper

“After 8–12 weeks of CBT, these individuals improved both their YBOCS and reversal task scores”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source

In the paper

“depletion of tryptophan in healthy human volunteers homozygous for the long allele of 5-HTT reduced the capacity of the individuals to utilize negative feedback information from punishment and impaired performance on reversal learning.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Finger et al 2007 source

In the paper

“Although serotonin depletion has been shown to impair reversal learning but not set-shifting (Clarke et al 2005, Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Clarke et al 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009 source

In the paper

“available therapies are only partially effective at ameliorating cognitive symptoms.”

In the paper

“The impact of stress on executive function is well documented both in humans and in animal models.”