The DOI matches its Crossref record; 422 of the 425 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 3 are not checked yet; 2 of the 384 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
Prefrontal cortical executive functions comprise a number of cognitive capabilities necessary for goal directed behavior and adaptation to a changing environment. Executive dysfunction that leads to maladaptive behavior and is a symptom of psychiatric pathology can be instigated or exacerbated by stress. In this review we survey research addressing the impact of stress on executive function, with specific focus on working memory, attention, response inhibition, and cognitive flexibility. We then consider the neurochemical pathways underlying these cognitive capabilities and, where known, how stress alters them. Finally, we review work exploring potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches that can ameliorate deficits in executive function. Both preclinical and clinical literature indicates that chronic stress negatively affects executive function. Although some of the circuitry and neurochemical processes underlying executive function have been characterized, a great deal is still unknown regarding how stress affects these processes. Additional work focusing on this question is needed in order to make progress on developing interventions that ameliorate executive dysfunction.
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283 Not checked yet · 42 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Compared to non-meditators, healthy volunteers who had followed a meditation training course for 6–8 weeks performed better on a Stroop task (Allen et al 2012, Moore & Malinowski 2009, Teper & Inzlicht 2013), the Hayling task (Heeren et al 2009), and response inhibition tasks (Sahdra et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Allen et al 2012 source
Allen et al. is cited for the Stroop task, not the Hayling or response-inhibition tasks, which have separate citations. The Results report that after six weeks, the meditation group had a significantly greater reduction in affective Stroop conflict than the active-control group. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites Moore & Malinowski 2009 source
- Partly supportedcites Teper & Inzlicht 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods Participants section says the meditators had at least one year of experience, not a 6–8-week training course. The Stroop Task Performance section reports fewer errors among meditators than controls, but describes the difference as a trend that was not robust. This citation is attached to the Stroop finding, not the separately cited Hayling and response-inhibition tasks; page numbers are not available in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“Executive dysfunction that leads to maladaptive behavior and is a symptom of psychiatric pathology can be instigated or exacerbated by stress.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Both preclinical and clinical literature indicates that chronic stress negatively affects executive function.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > Abstract
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“chronic stress levels which elicited subjective cognitive complaint, i.e., perceived difficulties with concentration, memory and decision making, were associated with poor performance in tests of attentional shifting and working memory (Stenfors et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stenfors et al 2013 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“several prefrontal cortex regions including the anterior cingulate, the orbital cortex and the ventrolateral PFC have decreased grey matter volume in individuals with major depression and bipolar disorder (Drevets et al 2008, Lyoo et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Drevets et al 2008, Lyoo et al 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These structural changes in rats were also accompanied by increased biases toward habit behaviors.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Deficits in executive function following chronic stress are accompanied by morphological changes in the prefrontal cortex.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In rodents, repeated stress and chronic corticosterone administration cause reduction in apical dendrites, debranching of pyramidal neurons, and dendritic spine loss in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Cerqueira et al 2005a, Cerqueira et al 2007a, Cerqueira et al 2005b, Cerqueira et al 2007b, Cook & Wellman 2004, Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006, Michelsen et al 2007, Radley et al 2”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cerqueira et al 2005a, Cerqueira et al 2007a, Cerqueira et al 2005b, Cerqueira et al 2007b, Cook & Wellman 2004, Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006, Michelsen et al 2007, Radley et al 2006, Radley et al 2004, Silva-Gomez et al 2003
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In the paper
“Together, these results are consistent with an adaptive strategy that, for the short term, ensures allocation of resources to cognitive functions that increase sensory hypervigilance, scanning attention, and rapid (but more rigid) behavioral responses, at the expense of high order cognitive engagement.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similar immediate and detrimental effects of acute stress on cognitive flexibility and working memory have also been shown in rodents (Butts et al 2011, George et al 2015, Thai et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Butts et al 2011, George et al 2015, Thai et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Changes in volume, morphology and activation of the prefrontal cortex are also evident in subjects with mood disorders.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Significant deficits in cognitive flexibility were also found in individuals that developed obsessive-compulsive symptoms after a traumatic stress exposure (Borges et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borges et al 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the PFC does not work in isolation, and a distributed network of connectivity with other regions such as the hippocampus, amygdala, striatum, and posterior parietal cortex is essential for modulating several aspects of executive function (Holmes & Wellman 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Holmes & Wellman 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the behavioral outcomes of such processes stem from the coordinated activation and/or inactivation of several brain circuits integrating PFC top-down control.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Executive dysfunction is a common symptom of many of these psychiatric conditions that include depression, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and addictive behavior (Baler & Volkow 2006, Carvalho et al 2014, Ferreri et al 2011, Polak et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baler & Volkow 2006, Carvalho et al 2014, Ferreri et al 2011, Polak et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Patients with mood and anxiety disorders also display deficits in executive function.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the putamen presented an increase in volume and dendritic arborization following chronic stress (Soares et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Soares et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In another study of healthy individuals, chronic stress biased decision-making strategies towards habitual responding (Soares et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Soares et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when the physiological response to stress fails to return to homeostasis after acute activation, or with prolonged and/or intense stress exposure, (conditions that are the hallmarks of chronic stress) the consequences for the organism, both physiological and cognitive, can be detrimental.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems reasonable to infer that stress contributes to the executive dysfunction seen in these conditions.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“individuals exposed to chronic stress show a shift toward automated response patterns during decision-making tasks that correlate with atrophy of the medial prefrontal cortex and the caudate (Soares et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Soares et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The CEN nodes (the dorso-lateral PFC and the lateral posterior parietal cortex) show strong co-activation during processes requiring executive control, such as working memory and decision-making tasks in goal-oriented behavior (Menon 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menon 2011 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“executive dysfunction in itself can produce a stressful experience that can then exacerbate psychiatric illness secondarily, as has been shown with depression (Jaeger et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jaeger et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In rats, the beneficial effect of acute glucocorticoid administration on working memory is accompanied by increased expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPA-Rs) and NMDA-Rs as well as increased AMPA-R activity in the PFC (Yuen et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yuen et al 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“exogenous hydrocorticosteroid administration in the afternoon, near the trough of glucocorticoid circadian rhythm, improves working memory in healthy human subjects (Lupien et al 2002).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lupien et al 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The working memory deficits caused by this pharmacological stressor are prevented by the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil (RO15-1788), as well as the dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol, clozapine, and SCH23390, in both monkeys and rats (Murphy et al 1996).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs) resulting in working memory impairments in rodents (Pontecorvo et al 1991), non-human primates (Baron & Wenger 2001, Frederick et al 1995, Roberts et al 2010), and humans (Ghoneim et al 1985, Krystal et al 1994, Oye et al 1992).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“in rhesus monkeys, loud noise stress impairs delayed-response performance (Arnsten & Goldman-Rakic 1998).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten & Goldman-Rakic 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“working memory is impaired when the same dose is administered in the morning, at the time of glucocorticoid peak (Lupien et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lupien et al 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The role of the PFC in working memory, particularly in tasks with a delay component, is supported experimentally in non-human primate and rodent studies (Brito & Brito 1990).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brito & Brito 1990
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, prolonged or high intensity stressors worsen performance in working memory tests.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine, which increase prefrontal catecholamines, have commonly been used to treat cognitive dysfunction such as working memory impairments in patients with ADHD (Arnsten 2006, Pietrzak et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten 2006, Pietrzak et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the α-1 receptor antagonist urapidil and the α2 autoreceptor agonists clonidine and guanfacine did restore working memory after pharmacological stress in rats (Birnbaum et al 1999, Birnbaum et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Birnbaum et al 1999, Birnbaum et al 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“lesion studies indicate that the prelimbic cortex of the ventral medial PFC is critical to working memory in rodents (Brito & Brito 1990)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brito & Brito 1990
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effects of stress on working memory appear to follow an inverted “U” response in animal models.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“adjunct administration of guanfacine to schizophrenia patients being treated with risperidone produced mild improvements in working memory as compared to treatment with risperidone alone (Friedman et al 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Friedman et al 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the above literature documents a substantial impact of stress on the structure and function of prefrontal cortical neurons that correlate with behavioral impairments in executive function.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the deleterious effects of repeated corticosterone exposure correlate with decreased glutamate receptor expression and AMPA-R activity (Yuen et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yuen et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“lesions of the homologous lateral PFC demonstrate its importance for working memory in humans (Muller et al 2002).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muller et al 2002 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“the atypical antipsychotic risperidone, which produces dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic antagonism, improves working memory in schizophrenia and bipolar patients (Harvey et al 2007, Harvey et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harvey et al 2007, Harvey et al 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“social stress causes a robust deficit in working memory as measured by a modified reading span task as well as in the n-back paradigm (Luethi et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luethi et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2008 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist, did not prevent the FG7142-induced working memory deficit (Murphy et al 1996)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Long-term administration of clonidine to patients with schizophrenia also improved working memory (Fields et al 1988).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fields et al 1988 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Working memory deficits in adults, correlated with childhood poverty, could be attributed to chronic stress experienced in early life (Evans & Schamberg 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans & Schamberg 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“similar to corticosterone, an optimal range of dopamine transmission is required for optimal working memory.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While acute moderate stress has been shown to have positive effects on working memory in rats (Yuen et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yuen et al 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“working memory impairments in patients with frontal lobe damage (as reviewed in (Stuss & Benson 1984).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stuss & Benson 1984 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These behavioral and biochemical effects of stress can be mimicked by the anxiogenic compound FG7142, a GABAA receptor inverse agonist.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the effects of stress on working memory in humans can be either positive or negative, depending on intensity and duration of the stressor.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although other factors beside stress may produce structural and functional changes in pathology, the fact that similar alterations are reported in preclinical and non-clinical stress studies suggests that stress contributes to these effects also in pathological states.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“more intense or prolonged stressors impair working memory in tasks such as spatial delayed alternation (Shansky et al 2006) and spontaneous delayed non-matching-to sample task (Morrow et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“repeated corticosterone administration impairs temporal order recognition in rats (Yuen et al 2012)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yuen et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the involvement of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in working memory in humans is evidenced by increased PFC activity in healthy individuals performing working memory tasks (D’Esposito et al 1995)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites D’Esposito et al 1995
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“working memory can be restored with intra-PFC administration of low doses of the D1 receptor agonist SKF 81297 (Mizoguchi et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mizoguchi et al 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“after a prolonged period of chronic behavioral stress (four weeks, as compared with one week of water immersion/restraint stress), rats actually show decreased prefrontal dopamine transmission that accompanied impaired working memory in a delayed-alternation task.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mizoguchi et al 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In non-stressed animals both competitive NMDA-R antagonists, such as (R)-CPP (Mirjana et al 2004) and non-competitive NMDA-R antagonists such as dizocilpine, and phencyclidine (Higgins et al 2003, Le Pen et al 2003) injected into the mPFC produce pronounced attentional performance deficits as measured by increase in omissions and latency for correct detection in the 5-CSRTT.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“One study examining the effects of VNS on cognitive function found a significant improvement in working memory in patients with treatment-resistant depression after ten weeks of VNS (Sackeim et al 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sackeim et al 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These increases or decreases were correlated with reports of positive or negative affect, respectively (Jha et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“one session of TMS of the DLPFC was sufficient to improve working memory on the n-back task fifteen minutes later in antidepressant-free patients diagnosed with depression (Oliveira et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oliveira et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Use of SSRIs is not typically associated with improved cognitive functions such as working memory in depressed patients (see Amado-Boccara et al., 1995, but see also (Zobel et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > Serotonin
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“combat veterans who have experienced stressful trauma and exhibit PTSD have decreased attention during cognitive tasks as compared to newly recruited national guardsmen (Uddo et al 1993).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uddo et al 1993 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Students tested on their ability to pay attention to details performed more poorly during exam periods in a semester than during non-exam periods (Vedhara et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vedhara et al 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in a genome-wide study of children with ADHD and matched controls, variations in copy number within genes interacting with metabotropic glutamate receptors were enriched in 10% of ADHD cases (Elia et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Elia et al 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a recent clinical trial of vortioxetine in depressed patients did not reveal a significant improvement in working memory in the n-back task despite the many other cognitive improvements that were seen (Mahableshwarkar et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > Serotonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mahableshwarkar et al 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in high-stress situations, attention to irrelevant stimuli as measured by the Stroop and Garner task is decreased when compared to low-stress situations (Chajut & Algom 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chajut & Algom 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent work has shown that the mGluR2/3 antagonist LY341495 prevents the (R)-CPP-associated deficits in attention (Pozzi et al 2011)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pozzi et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Clinical evidence demonstrates that training patients with disorders, such as ADHD, specifically on visuospatial and verbal working memory tasks via a computerized program (i.e., CogMed), can sometimes improve their working memory performance (as reviewed in (Rapport et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rapport et al 2013 source
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“positron emission tomography (PET) data reveals increased D1 receptor density in the PFC after working memory training (McNab et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McNab et al 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“rats with PFC lesions never recovered working memory with longer delays even after several training sessions (Brito & Brito 1990).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brito & Brito 1990
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Repetitive TMS targeting the DLPFC in medicated schizophrenia patients has also demonstrated improvements in working memory (e.g. (Barr et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barr et al 2013 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“suggesting a specific role of glutamate signaling at metabotropic glutamate receptors, potentially involving CREB signaling (Paine et al 2009, Pozzi et al 2011) in modulating attentional behaviors.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Selective attention, or the ability to ignore irrelevant cues, worsens in animals after they receive an inescapable footshock (Minor et al 1984).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Minor et al 1984 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“participants who received experimentally-induced stress paid more attention to threatening words as measured by the attention deployment task (Mogg et al 1990).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mogg et al 1990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“prenatal stress in the form of malnutrition has linked a predisposition to attention problems (Liu & Raine 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liu & Raine 2006
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rats exposed to prenatal stress exhibit impaired accuracy in the 5-CSRT (Wilson et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“increased prefrontal activity, as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging, has been reported in healthy adults after working memory training (Olesen et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Olesen et al 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Activating D1 receptors can facilitate attention but excessive D1 activation via stimulant medication can impair mPFC function (Chen et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine did not appear to ameliorate the FG7142-induced working memory impairment in rats (Murphy et al 1996)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > Serotonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is in contrast to studies showing deleterious effects of other α2 receptor antagonists, such as idazoxan and yohimbine, on attention (Arnsten & Li 2005, Rowe et al 1996).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten & Li 2005
- Not checked yetcites Rowe et al 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In human studies, acute stress enhanced response inhibition and this effect was blocked by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone (Schwabe et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, patients with PTSD made more errors during the NoGo phase of the SSRTT than controls. Higher levels of PTSD were correlated with even higher error rates (Swick et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swick et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT, alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, has been successfully used to ameliorate core symptoms of adult ADHD, such as attentional deficits (Safren et al 2005, Weiss et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Response inhibition (the lack of which results in impulsivity) is another executive function of the PFC that is detrimentally affected by stress in both animal models and human disorders.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a human study of elderly subjects with generalized anxiety, citalopram reduced attentional performance compared to placebo; this effect strongly correlated with high-transcription variants of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors (Lenze et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenze et al 2013 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By contrast, a selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT had beneficial effects, increasing attention (Winstanley et al 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Winstanley et al 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In adult rats exposed to variable prenatal stress, deficits in attentional responses were found in a variant of the 5-CSRTT, and these deficits were corrected in a dose-dependent manner by the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (Wilson et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Activating D1 receptors can facilitate attention but excessive D1 activation via stimulant medication can impair mPFC function (Chen et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chen et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In humans, dysregulation of the dopamine system can result in attentional impairments that may be caused by a deficiency in forming reward-seeking connections and thus inhibit goal-directed attention (Sagvolden et al 1998).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sagvolden et al 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“genetic analyses in humans have shown that individuals with attention deficits have higher expression of DAT (Krause et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krause et al 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, twelve sessions of CBT reduced abnormal functional connectivity in the frontoparietal network and in the superior parietal gyrus in ADHD subjects (Wang et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Norepinephrine transport inhibitors increase attention in both human and animal models (Chamberlain et al 2007, Michelson et al 2003, Navarra et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, patients with PTSD made more errors during the NoGo phase of the SSRTT than controls. Higher levels of PTSD were correlated with even higher error rates (Swick et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Swick et al 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In human studies, acute stress enhanced response inhibition and this effect was blocked by the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone (Schwabe et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“direct infusion of D1 agonists into the mPFC increased attention and accuracy, but only in more challenging tasks (Chudasama & Robbins 2004, Passetti et al 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chudasama & Robbins 2004
- Not checked yetcites Passetti et al 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol produced deficits in attention, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole improved continued attention (Bari & Robbins 2013b).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bari & Robbins 2013b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Both adult and adolescent volunteers that were in a self-reported “high stress” state performed worse in an impulse inhibition task than individuals in a “low stress” state (Rahdar & Galvan 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rahdar & Galvan 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As dopamine functions to regulate reward-seeking behavior, impaired dopamine function in the brain can result in deficits in reward-related memory formation (Sagvolden et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sagvolden et al 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the above data suggest that serotonin signaling through the 5-HT1A receptor and concomitant inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor in the PFC would be beneficial to attention.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Local microinjections of increasing doses of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) to simulate acute stress had no effect on response inhibition in 5-CRSTT (Ohmura et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ohmura et al 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The 5-HT2A/2C agonist DOI reduced performance by negatively affecting attention (Koskinen et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koskinen et al 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Other studies have shown that auditory attention impaired by chronic restraint stress is alleviated by reboxetine, another norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (Perez-Valenzuela et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perez-Valenzuela et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“mPFC infusion of the 5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist ketanserin had no effect on attention (Passetti et al 2003)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Passetti et al 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chronic exposure to cortisol levels that simulated prolonged stress response caused reduced response inhibition also in non-human primates (Lyons et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lyons et al 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with other cognitive functions of the PFC, response inhibition is affected differently by acute or chronic stressors.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, depleting norepinephrine in the PFC decreases attention (Carli et al 1983, Milstein et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a human study of elderly subjects with generalized anxiety, citalopram reduced attentional performance compared to placebo; this effect strongly correlated with high-transcription variants of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors (Lenze et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenze et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In adult rats exposed to variable prenatal stress, deficits in attentional responses were found in a variant of the 5-CSRTT, and these deficits were corrected in a dose-dependent manner by the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (Wilson et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, chronic restraint stress reduced rats’ ability to inhibit their responses (Mika et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mika et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The serotonergic system has long been implicated in attentional performance (Harrison et al 1997, Hiraide et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both human and animal studies indicate that reduced response inhibition emerge from compromised functionality of the inferior PFC and its connections to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions (Arnsten 2009, Arnsten & Rubia 2012, Aron & Poldrack 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, guanfacine, an agonist of α2-adrenergic autoreceptors, which reduces ascending norepinephrine release, worsens response inhibition in rats (Bari et al 2009, Bari et al 2011)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“DOI reduced performance by negatively affecting response inhibition (Koskinen et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koskinen et al 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“blocking either D1 or D2 in the mPFC or OFC had no effect on the 5-CRSTT (Granon et al 2000, Winstanley et al 2010), or the SST (Bari et al 2011, Bari & Robbins 2013b)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“From these data it has been suggested that dopaminergic transmission within the striatum underlies the automated motor response of the behavior (Bari & Robbins 2013a).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bari & Robbins 2013a
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, guanfacine did not improve impulsivity in healthy volunteers (Muller et al 2005)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Muller et al 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, atomoxetine, a relatively selective norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, improves response inhibition in both the 5-CRSTT and the stop-signal task (Robinson et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robinson et al 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Microinjections of fluoxetine into the OFC increase response inhibition in rats already showing impulsive tendencies, but have no effect in low impulsivity rats. This finding indicates direct effects of SSRIs within the PFC of animals already exhibiting a deficit, but do not enhance response inhibition in normal animals (Darna et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Darna et al 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“administration of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 prevents increases in premature responding induced by MK-801 (Higgins et al 2003) and (R)-CPP (Ceglia et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins et al 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol do not affect response inhibition on their own, but propranolol improves inhibitory control impaired by yohimbine, suggesting that norepinephrine may act at multiple receptors to bring about its effects on impulse control (Adams et al 2017).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adams et al 2017 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol do not affect response inhibition on their own, but propranolol improves inhibitory control impaired by yohimbine, suggesting that norepinephrine may act at multiple receptors to bring about its effects on impulse control (Adams et al 2017).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adams et al 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Drugs of abuse that increase dopamine in the synapse, such as amphetamine, decrease response inhibition (Robbins 2002)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robbins 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“other α2 receptor antagonists, such as idazoxan and yohimbine, have been reported to decrease impulse control (Arnsten & Li 2005, Rowe et al 1996).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten & Li 2005
- Not checked yetcites Rowe et al 1996 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The role for D2 receptors in response inhibition has also been observed in human subjects where different polymorphisms of this gene correlate with differential response times on SSRT (Hamidovic et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hamidovic et al 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Microinjections of fluoxetine into the OFC increase response inhibition in rats already showing impulsive tendencies, but have no effect in low impulsivity rats. This finding indicates direct effects of SSRIs within the PFC of animals already exhibiting a deficit, but do not enhance response inhibition in normal animals (Darna et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Darna et al 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Individuals with borderline personality disorder also presented increased impulsivity following exposure to stress (Krause-Utz et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.2. Effects of stress on response inhibition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Krause-Utz et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“administration of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 prevents increases in premature responding induced by MK-801 (Higgins et al 2003) and (R)-CPP (Ceglia et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ceglia et al 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, this seems specific to fluoxetine, as citalopram, another SSRI, does not correct deficits in response inhibition in either human or animal studies (Chamberlain et al 2006, Clark et al 2005, Eagle et al 2008a, Eagle et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, mPFC infusion of ketanserin increased response inhibition (Passetti et al 2003)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Passetti et al 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, guanfacine, an agonist of α2-adrenergic autoreceptors, which reduces ascending norepinephrine release, worsens response inhibition in rats (Bari et al 2009, Bari et al 2011)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol do not affect response inhibition on their own, but propranolol improves inhibitory control impaired by yohimbine, suggesting that norepinephrine may act at multiple receptors to bring about its effects on impulse control (Adams et al 2017).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Adams et al 2017 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This phenomenon may be linked to the recent evidence that the serotonin transporter genotype influences the effects of SSRIs on response inhibition in humans (Fischer et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fischer et al 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further studies revealed that the IL portion of the mPFC may be the site responsible for the effects of (R)-CPP on response inhibition (Murphy et al 2005); this was confirmed in other studies using the NMDA-R antagonist MK801 (Benn & Robinson 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Benn & Robinson 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, (R)-CPP produced increased premature responding, indicating deficits in response inhibition (Mirjana et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mirjana et al 2004 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, blocking D2 receptors in the dorsal striatum negatively affects SST performance (Eagle et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eagle et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“however direct agonism at D1 or D2 receptors within the OFC per se does not increase impulsivity (Winstanley et al 2010)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Winstanley et al 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“By contrast, 8-OH-DPAT had no effect on impulse inhibition (Winstanley et al 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Winstanley et al 2003 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“while the antagonist atipamezole improves performance (Bari & Robbins 2013b).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bari & Robbins 2013b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These drug studies suggest that the serotonin and dopamine systems have a synergistic effect on the glutamate system, specifically in regards to NMDA receptor hypofunction.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic stress produces deficits in reversal learning in animal models.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reversal learning deficits have also been documented in several stress-related psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (where it was accompanied by abnormalities in the OFC) obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (Drevets 2007, Szabo et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, in patients suffering from depression, the biased attention for negative information and the maladaptive perseverative cognition and behaviors persist despite a changing environment (Disner et al 2011, Peckham et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, mice hemizygous for the vesicular glutamate transporter 1, which controls the number and size of synaptic vesicles in excitatory synapses, show impaired reversal learning due to increased perseveration in a visual discrimination task (Granseth et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Granseth et al 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Glutamate neurotransmission is necessary for optimal reversal learning.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“VNS increases firing rates of 5-HT and norepinephrine neurons (Dorr & Debonnel 2006)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dorr & Debonnel 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These observations suggest that serotonin’s effects on response inhibition may be through modulation of the glutamate system.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“5-HT1A antagonism with 8-OH-DPAT within the PFC was also able to block CPP-induced elevations in extracellular glutamate (Calcagno et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Calcagno et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A large body of evidence indicates that stress and anxiety negatively affect several aspects of cognitive flexibility (McKlveen et al 2015, Park & Moghaddam 2017)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McKlveen et al 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Park & Moghaddam 2017
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, two weeks of chronic unpredictable stress also produces significant deficits in reversal learning, measured using the AST (Bondi et al 2007, Bondi et al 2010, Jett et al 2015, Jett & Morilak 2013) or using a Morris water maze spatial reversal task (Hill et al 2005, Quan et al 2011, Yu et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“atypical antipsychotics, such as sertindole and clozapine, that act at both dopamine and serotonin receptors prevent CPP-induced deficits in response inhibition (Carli et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carli et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, methylphenidate (MPH, or Ritalin), a drug often used in the treatment of ADHD, interacts with multiple neurotransmitter systems for its therapeutic treatment, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine (Robbins 2002).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Robbins 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“where MPH effects on response inhibition can be blocked with a combination of adrenoceptor antagonists and dopamine antagonists, but are not affected if only a single antagonist is administered (Arnsten & Dudley 2005)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten & Dudley 2005
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBT, alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, has been successfully used to reduce impulsivity and disinhibition in ADD (Safren et al 2005, Weiss et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive flexibility, or the ability to adapt one’s behavior in response to a changing environment, is often dysregulated in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, post-traumatic disorder, eating disorders and schizophrenia (Anisman & Matheson 2005, Austin et al 2001, Leeson et al 2009, Tchanturia et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, two to five weeks of chronic intermittent cold stress results in robust deficits in the reversal learning component of the AST in rats (Danet et al 2010, Donegan et al 2014, Furr et al 2012, Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009, Patton et al 2016, Wallace et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, individuals repeatedly exposed to traumatic events, even without a diagnosis of PTSD or anxiety-related disorder, displayed impaired performance in a cue-context reversal learning paradigm (Levy-Gigi & Richter-Levin 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levy-Gigi & Richter-Levin 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Injecting M100907 subcutaneously reverses CPP-induced decreases in response inhibition (Mirjana et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mirjana et al 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In rats, acute systemic administration of the NMDA-R antagonist MK-801 produced deficits in reversal learning in some studies (Lobellova et al 2013) but not in others (Svoboda et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lobellova et al 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Svoboda et al 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Likewise, both drugs are able to suppress the elevated glutamate release that is associated with both NMDA-R antagonism and behavioral deficits (Carli et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Carli et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reversal paradigms have high translational value because they can be used with minor variations in different species, including humans (Fellows & Farah 2003, Hornak et al 2004), monkeys (Clarke et al 2008, Crofts et al 1999, Izquierdo et al 2004, Walker et al 2009), and rodents (Bissonette & Powell 2012, Boulougouris et al 2007, Jentsch & Taylor 2001, Schoenbaum et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, the above data suggest that serotonin signaling through the 5-HT1A receptor and concomitant inhibition of 5-HT2A receptor in the PFC reduces impulsivity.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MPH is also effective in increasing response inhibition in rats (Eagle et al 2007, Navarra et al 2008)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In healthy humans, the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride enhances reward-based reversal learning (van der Schaaf et al 2014), whereas a D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine impairs probabilistic reversal learning (Mehta et al 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Schaaf et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the case of ketamine, recent evidence suggests that one of its metabolites, norketamime (HNK) is actually responsible for the antidepressant effects of this drug, through activation of glutamate AMPA receptor (GluA-R) (Zanos et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zanos et al 2016 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In healthy humans, the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride enhances reward-based reversal learning (van der Schaaf et al 2014), whereas a D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine impairs probabilistic reversal learning (Mehta et al 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dopamine is required for several reward-associated learning processes; therefore, the dopamine system may represent a potential point of therapeutic intervention for reversal learning deficits caused by stress (Adamantidis et al 2011, Rossi et al 2013, Schultz 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, ketamine, another noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist, with rapid antidepressant actions (Autry et al 2011, Duman et al 1997, Zarate et al 2006), is able to correct a deficit in reversal learning induced by chronic cold stress in rats (Patton et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patton et al 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the picture that emerges from the above studies is that modulation of glutamatergic transmission leading to LTD in the OFC (or hippocampus) is necessary for optimal performance in reversal learning tasks, thus suggesting potential new avenues for therapeutic development.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one possible mechanism for the actions of ketamine on reversal learning is that by activating JAK2, ketamine facilitates conditions of increased GluA-R internalization and LTD within the OFC that favor reversal learning.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, LTD is required for optimal reversal learning: administration of a ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA subunit 2B (GluN2B) selective antagonist or blockade of GluA-R internalization prevents LTD in the hippocampus, and produces a disruption of spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze (Dong et al 2013, Duffy et al 2008, Mills et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Norepinephrine is also known to play a modulatory role in cognitive flexibility.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The importance of dopaminergic transmission in reversal behavior has been well documented, especially after extensive training on reversal learning, when the possibility of reversal is “expected” (Costa et al 2015, Klanker et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these results suggest that down-regulation of D2R may facilitate reversal learning performance.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dopamine is required for several reward-associated learning processes; therefore, the dopamine system may represent a potential point of therapeutic intervention for reversal learning deficits caused by stress (Adamantidis et al 2011, Rossi et al 2013, Schultz 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Impaired reversal learning following D2/D3 antagonists was observed in rats (Boulougouris et al 2009) and monkeys (Lee et al 2007, Smith et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and optimal reversal learning in humans was correlated with increased dopaminergic activity only in the striatum (Clatworthy et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clatworthy et al 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, dopamine release, specifically in the striatum, is likely to be necessary for optimal performance in reversal learning tasks.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Propanolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) improved performance in the reversal learning component of the rodent AST (Hecht et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hecht et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depletion of dopamine in this brain region, but not in the OFC, caused deficits in marmosets (Clarke et al 2011, Clarke et al 2007)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, it should also be noted that the different compounds used in these studies vary in the other targets they interact with in addition to the NMDA receptor.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevating norepinephrine transmission using either DMI or the α2-autoreceptor inhibitor atipamezole corrected deficits in reversal learning brought about by chronic unpredictable stress, and this effect was dependent on α1-receptors (Bondi et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Elevating norepinephrine transmission using either DMI or the α2-autoreceptor inhibitor atipamezole corrected deficits in reversal learning brought about by chronic unpredictable stress, and this effect was dependent on α1-receptors (Bondi et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, acute and chronic administration of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor desipramine (DMI) improved reversal learning in naïve rats, in both the AST (Lapiz et al 2007) and a four-position operant discrimination test (Seu & Jentsch 2009, Seu et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapiz et al 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Seu & Jentsch 2009
- Not checked yetcites Seu et al 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“other activators of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), have been shown to correct the reversal learning deficits induced by cold stress, and blockade of IL-6 signaling or JAK2 inhibition produce deficits in reversal learning (Donegan et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Donegan et al 2014 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, amantadine, a low affinity NMDA-R antagonist, has been shown to correct deficits in spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze in mice that experience a combination of chronic unpredictable stress and isolation feeding (Yu et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yu et al 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the precise mechanism is not known, JAK2 has recently been shown to modulate the levels of the immediate early gene Arc, which regulates GluA receptor internalization (Chowdhury et al 2006, Patton et al 2016)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chowdhury et al 2006 source
- Not checked yetcites Patton et al 2016
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Targeting dopamine receptors, specifically D2 receptor signaling (which is increased by repeated social defeat stress (Montagud-Romero et al 2016) could prove effective.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Montagud-Romero et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, in human studies, by using an anagram test as a measure of cognitive flexibility, healthy volunteers receiving propranolol had enhanced performance in the test, while individuals receiving ephedrine (an activator of α- and β-adrenergic receptors) had impaired performance (Beversdorf et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beversdorf et al 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“JAK2 and STAT3 have been shown to mediate maintenance of LTD also in the hippocampus (Nicolas et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nicolas et al 2012 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In stressed animals, NMDA-R antagonists appear to have beneficial effects on stress-induced reversal deficits.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent discrepancies between studies investigating the effects of NMDA-R antagonists in reversal learning may be due to methodological differences.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“showed a more stable activation of the pallidum (Freyer et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“30 min restraint stress did not affect set-shifting acutely (Thai et al 2013)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thai et al 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“these behavioral changes were associated with increased synaptic plasticity and increased expression of BDNF, post-synaptic NMDA-R subunit NB2, and the presynaptic protein synaptophysin in the hippocampus (Shang et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shang et al 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“vortioxetine is effective in ameliorating reversal learning deficits produced by chronic cold stress (Wallace et al 2014)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallace et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these behavioral changes correlate with dendritic retraction and debranching in the mPFC (Floresco et al 2008, Liston et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting a functional dissociation between those regions.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Orbitofrontal cortex damage does not impair extradimensional shifting.
- Rests on an assumption: Lateral or medial prefrontal cortex damage does not impair reversal learning.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this evidence suggests norepinephrine transmission, through α receptors but not β receptors, is required for optimal reversal learning.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“disruption of the integrity of the prefrontal cortex, in particular the dorsolateral areas, results in declined performance on set-shifting in the WCST (Manes et al 2002, Miller & Cohen 2001, Owen et al 1991, Stuss et al 2000)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, in human studies, by using an anagram test as a measure of cognitive flexibility, healthy volunteers receiving propranolol had enhanced performance in the test, while individuals receiving ephedrine (an activator of α- and β-adrenergic receptors) had impaired performance (Beversdorf et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beversdorf et al 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL 100-907, administered systemically or intra-OFC, produced deficits in reversal learning in naïve rats (Boulougouris et al 2008, Furr et al 2012)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“chronic stress (for example, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) and repeated restraint stress) has been shown to produce a deficit in ED set-shifting on the AST in rodents (Bondi et al 2008, Fucich et al 2016, Jett & Morilak 2013, Liston et al 2006, Morilak et al 2005)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The increased sensitivity of long allele homozygotes to decreased serotonin may be due in part to their accelerated serotonin reuptake compared to short allele carriers (Finger et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finger et al 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB 242084 improved reversal learning in naïve rats (Alsio et al 2015, Boulougouris et al 2008, Boulougouris & Robbins 2010)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“correct reversal learning deficits induced by chronic cold stress (Danet et al 2010, Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, CBT may effectively improve reversal learning deficits seen in psychiatric disorders.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rather, it is likely that the beneficial effects of vortioxetine are due to direct agonism at post-synaptic 5-HT1A and or 5-HT1B receptors (du Jardin et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites du Jardin et al 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar outcomes are also observed in monkeys and rats (Bissonette et al 2008, Brown & Bowman 2002).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bissonette et al 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Brown & Bowman 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“15 min of tail pinch produced deficits (Butts et al 2013)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Butts et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“genetic inactivation of 5-HTT in mice produces deficits in reversal learning (Brigman et al 2010)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brigman et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Repetitive TMS improved spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze in non-stressed rats”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shang et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“showed reduced activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and right putamen.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest that serotonergic tone in the OFC is crucial for optimal reversal learning across species.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals that scored worse on a scale for OCD symptoms (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, or YBOCS) made more spontaneous errors and more unnecessary strategy changes on a probabilistic reversal learning task”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging on human subjects, it has been shown that prefrontal cortical activity is associated with set-shifting performance on the WCST (Miller & Cohen 2001, Rogers et al 2000).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Theta transcranial stimulation also improved reversal learning in healthy human volunteers (Wischnewski et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wischnewski et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systemic administration of agents that deplete serotonin, such as paracholorophenylalanine (PCPA) (a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor) or parachloroamphetamine (PCA) creates deficits in reward learning paradigms, including reversal learning, in non-stressed rats (Izquierdo et al 2012, Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009, Masaki et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SSRIs improve reversal learning in spatial reversal tasks in naïve rats (Barlow et al 2015, Brown et al 2012)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“one recent report has shown positive effects of CBT on reversal learning in OCD patients.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while enhancing norepinephrine tone acutely in the mPFC can enhance cognition acutely”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specific serotonin receptors appear to be linked to optimal set-shifting.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Atomoxetine also improved ED set-shifting in intact adolescent rats (Cain et al 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cain et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine was able to rescue the deficits in ED caused by deafferentiation”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newman et al 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“chronic treatment with the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor escitalopram has been shown to reverse the effects of CUS on set-shifting”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2008 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In depressed individuals, the SSRI sertraline has been shown to enhance attentional and executive cognitive functions (Constant et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Constant et al 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“enhances performance on the ED task (Lapiz et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapiz et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pharmacological depletion of dopamine in the mPFC of monkeys using 6-OHDA produced deficits in set-shifting (Crofts et al 2001, Robbins & Roberts 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crofts et al 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Robbins & Roberts 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chronic milnacipran treatment enhanced cognitive flexibility compromised by chronic stress (Naegeli et al 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Naegeli et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“impair attentional set-shifting as measured by a visual discrimination task (Liston et al 2009).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liston et al 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reduction of norepinephrine in the mPFC, by either noradrenergic deafferentiation or lesions of the dorsal noradrenergic bundle, produced marked set shifting deficits in rats (McGaughy et al 2008, Tait et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Enhancing noradrenergic neurotransmission acutely, by administration of the α2-adrenergic autoreceptor antagonist atipamezole, improved performance on the ED task through the activation of the α1-adrenergic receptor (Bondi et al 2010, Lapiz & Morilak 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2010 source
- Not checked yetcites Lapiz & Morilak 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“chronic treatment with desipramine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake blocker, increases tonic noradrenergic transmission in the mPFC”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapiz et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the negative effects of chronic restraint stress on set-shifting were ameliorated by antagonizing the 5-HT7 receptor, which is implicated in the cognitive and behavioral manifestation of depression, with amisulpride (Hedlund 2009, Hedlund et al 2005, Leopoldo et al 2011, Nikiforuk & Popik 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study also reported trends to improved ID/ED performance in individuals with major depression that were administered duloxetine”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Greer et al 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Glutamate transmission is necessary for set-shifting.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“antagonizing the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 with MPEP did not affect ED set-shifting (Jett et al 2017).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jett et al 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“acute administration of escitalopram reversed a deficit in set-shifting caused by repeated restraint stress (Bondi et al 2008, Nikiforuk & Popik 2011).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2008 source
- Not checked yetcites Nikiforuk & Popik 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“presumably by preventing reuptake of norepinephrine released from the residual intact adrenergic terminals (Newman et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newman et al 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“SERT knockout mice perform better than control mice on the set-shifting task of AST (Nonkes et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nonkes et al 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“healthy volunteers with high self-perceived chronic stress required more time to complete the set-shifting component of the Trail Making Test (Orem et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Orem et al 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and on the ID/ED set-shifting test (Herrera-Guzman et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herrera-Guzman et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In PCP-treated rats, the 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, SB 271046, and sertindole, a second generation antipsychotic that acts as an antagonist on several neurotransmitter receptors, with high affinity for the 5-HT6 receptor, reduced the PCP-induced deficit in set-shifting (Idris et al 2010, Rodefer et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“both patient groups improved their scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HSRS)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Herrera-Guzman et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“four weeks of psychosocial stress has been shown to alter the connectivity of DLPFC as measured by fMRI”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Liston et al 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in particular, NMDA-R activation is necessary for the modification of previously learned information (Stefani et al 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stefani et al 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Chronic desipramine treatment also prevents the detrimental effects of chronic stress on cognitive flexibility when administered beginning one week prior to the start of CUS (Bondi et al 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bondi et al 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“an intraperitoneal injection of ketamine prior to each restraint session of a chronic restraint stress procedure prevented the impairment of ED set-shifting performance (Nikiforuk & Popik 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nikiforuk & Popik 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“blocking α1-adrenergic and β2-adrenergic receptors prior to each stress session during a chronic unpredictable stress treatment protected against the detrimental effects of chronic stress on set-shifting capability (Jett & Morilak 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jett & Morilak 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Ketamine given systemically at a sub-anesthetic dose 24 hours before testing has been shown to reverse the effects of stress on ED set-shifting (Jett et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jett et al 2015 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Vortioxetine has been shown to improve a range of cognitive impairments in depressed patients (McIntyre et al 2014, Pehrson & Sanchez 2014, Sanchez et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dopamine activity in the mPFC is required for optimal performance in set-shifting tasks.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Intra-mPFC microinjections of antagonists of either AMPA-R (LY293558, NBQX) or NMDA-R (MK80, AP-5) created deficits in set-shifting (Jett et al 2017, Stefani et al 2003, Stefani & Moghaddam 2005)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“fear extinction rescues a deficit in set-shifting caused by chronic stress”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fucich et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“these effects are mediated by neuronal activation and de novo protein synthesis in the IL region of the mPFC (Fucich et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fucich et al 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapy, such as exposure therapy, is effective in the reduction of symptoms for some treatment-resistant patients”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that behavior-driven activity of the mPFC produces plastic changes in this brain region that can benefit other mPFC-dependent behavioral tasks, including set-shifting.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“MBSR improves set-shifting in older adults as measured by post-test performance on the TMT (Moynihan et al 2013)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moynihan et al 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that this technique may be a useful tool to improve cognitive set-shifting in compromised or aged individuals.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repetitive TMS has also proven to be beneficial for set-shifting.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“mPFC infusions of the D4 antagonist L-745,870 improved set-shifting (Floresco et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Floresco et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis found that patients tested before and after ECT therapy showed long-term improvements in various measures of executive functioning (Semkovska & McLoughlin 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Semkovska & McLoughlin 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“administration of the D2/D3 receptor antagonist sulpiride to human volunteers impaired extradimensional set-shifting (Mehta et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In healthy adults, MBSR did not improve set-shifting on the Trail Making Test (TMT) (Gallant 2016, Heeren et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“increasing dopamine activity in the mPFC improved set-shifting in humans (Apud et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Apud et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“or on the dual attention to response task (DART) (Jensen et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jensen et al 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that ECT can improve deficits in cognitive flexibility associated with psychiatric disorders.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In patients with concurrent Parkinson’s disease and major depressive disorder, rTMS over the left DLPFC significantly improved performance on the Stroop Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Boggio et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boggio et al 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“data from multiple studies demonstrate that ECT improved performance in the Stroop Color-Word test and Trail Making Test Part B, two measures of cognitive flexibility.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Semkovska & McLoughlin 2010 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 infused within the mPFC impaired set-shifting in rats (Haluk & Floresco 2009, Ragozzino 2002)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haluk & Floresco 2009
- Not checked yetcites Ragozzino 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The role played by different dopamine receptors in this behavior is complex, and depends on differential activation of D1, D2, and D4 dopamine receptors (Floresco 2013).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Floresco 2013 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy can improve symptoms even further (Beck 2005, Hollon et al 2002, Nemeroff et al 2003, Pampallona et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 9
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
In the paper
“The stress response is a highly conserved process essential for survival under conditions of environmental challenge (McEwen et al 2015, McKlveen et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen et al 2015, McKlveen et al 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in some cases, executive impairment may be a direct consequence of an underlying disease process independent of stress.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“human fMRI studies of large-scale interconnectivity networks identified the central executive network (CEN) as one of three core neurocognitive networks.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menon 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anomalies in the recruitment of prefrontal circuitry and patterns of activation in major depression have also been shown (Johnstone et al 2007), with decreases in activation of the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) (Drevets 1998) and hyperactivation of the OFC (Biver et al 1994, Drevets et al 1992).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“rats exposed to chronic stress displayed atrophy of the associative network (dorsomedial striatum-prefrontal circuitry) and hypertrophy of the sensorimotor network responsible for automated responses (dorsolateral striatal-prefrontal circuitry).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al 2009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this work demonstrates stress produces structural and functinoal changes in fronto-striatal circuitry that reduces the ability of an individual to shift from automated behavior to goal-directed behavior and may be maladaptive in situations of change.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both acute stressful life events and chronic stressors are strong risk factors for the development of mental illnesses such as mood disorders (Beck 2008, Kessler 1997), anxiety disorders and addictive disorders (Kessler et al 1997).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beck 2008, Kessler 1997 source
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al 1997
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“processes underlying working memory, problem solving and cognitive flexibility are negatively affected by acute stress (Oei et al 2006, Plessow et al 2011, Plessow et al 2012, Schoofs et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2009, Steinhauser et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oei et al 2006, Plessow et al 2011, Plessow et al 2012, Schoofs et al 2008, Schoofs et al 2009, Steinhauser et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the aftermath of an acute stress exposure, executive processes improve and these effects have been shown to correlate with genomic corticosteroid actions (Henckens et al 2011, Het & Wolf 2007, Maheu et al 2005, Oei et al 2009, Putman et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Henckens et al 2011, Het & Wolf 2007, Maheu et al 2005, Oei et al 2009, Putman et al 2007 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals with major depressive disorder show impairments in working memory (Landro et al 2001, Rose & Ebmeier 2006) and cognitive flexibility on the Wisconsin card sorting test (Merriam et al 1999).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Acute stress in humans has been shown to activate saliency networks centered around the amygdala, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus, insula, striatum, and locus coeruleus, and is responsible for enhancing sensory gain and environmental scanning, resulting in better performance (Cousijn et al 2010, Oei et al 2012, van Marle et al 2009, van Marle et al 2010).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cousijn et al 2010, Oei et al 2012, van Marle et al 2009, van Marle et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“about 1 hour after exposure to a stressful stimulus, when catecholamine levels are low but glucocorticoid levels are still elevated, the neurocognitive processes associated with the salience network weaken (Henckens et al 2012, Henckens et al 2010), while working memory and the ability to perform cognitive tasks improve, along with reduced anxiety behavior.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Henckens et al 2012, Henckens et al 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in other brain regions, such as amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and putamen, chronic stress increases dendritic elaboration and produces structural hypertrophy (Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 1. Introduction > 1.1. Overall impact of stress on executive function
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al 2009, Liston et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that GABA-related “overinhibition” may underlie working memory impairment in schizophrenia, and that targeting this system may offer a strategy for treating such impairments.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“lorazepam, a positive modulator at the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine site, impaired working memory in healthy controls, with even more impairment in the patient group.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menzies et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“low doses administered to stably medicated patients can improve cognitive performance in working memory tasks, likely via prefrontal D1 receptor activation (Barch & Carter 2005, Goldberg et al 1991)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barch & Carter 2005, Goldberg et al 1991
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil significantly improved working memory in the patient group but impaired working memory in healthy controls (Menzies et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menzies et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“FG7142 also mimics the increased norepinephrine release in the PFC that accompanies stress, implicating a role for norepinephrine in the detrimental effects on PFC-mediated working memory.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murphy et al 1996 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“working memory deficits are present in a wide range of stress-related psychiatric illnesses, such as PTSD (Veltmeyer et al 2006), depression (Rose & Ebmeier 2006), substance dependence (Bechara & Martin 2004), schizophrenia (Stone et al 1998), and ADHD (Martinussen et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.2. Effects of stress on working memory
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“stress-induced working memory impairments are accompanied by increased prefrontal dopamine turnover and release, similar to the prefrontal dopamine dysfunction seen in schizophrenia.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We excluded articles where the deficits in executive functions were confounded by neurological conditions or physical trauma.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 2. Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Administration of stimulants to unmedicated schizophrenic patients can enhance positive symptoms (Angrist et al 1980, van Kammen et al 1982), which is likely due to subcortical D2 receptor activation.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Angrist et al 1980, van Kammen et al 1982 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“vortioxetine reverses working memory impairments caused by serotonin depletion, effects attributed to its 5HT1A agonism (du Jardin et al 2014)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > Serotonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites du Jardin et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lesions of the mPFC, as well as compromised connectivity of the inferior PFC to striatal, cerebellar, and parietal regions, result in deficits in attention in rats and humans (Maddux & Holland 2011, Muir et al 1996), (Arnsten 2009, Arnsten & Rubia 2012, Aron & Poldrack 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maddux & Holland 2011, Muir et al 1996
- Not checked yetcites Arnsten 2009, Arnsten & Rubia 2012, Aron & Poldrack 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Attention is another executive function of the PFC that is affected by an individual’s emotional and motivational state (Goetz et al 2008) and is often impaired by stress in both humans and in animal models.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goetz et al 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“modafinil enhances working memory in healthy individuals as well as individuals with a wide range of psychiatric illnesses, and this improvement is likely due to modafinil’s catecholaminergic actions (Kalechstein et al 2010, Kalechstein et al 2013, Minzenberg & Carter 2008).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kalechstein et al 2010, Kalechstein et al 2013, Minzenberg & Carter 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“students in the negative stressor condition (where stress was induced by engaging in a competitive computer task) were quicker to switch their attention from negative words to positive or neutral words, and participants who had higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory were slower to redirect their attention from negative to positive words (Ellenbogen et al 2002).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ellenbogen et al 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“modafinil, an atypical dopamine transporter inhibitor, reverses chronic stress-induced impairments in a spontaneous alternation task in mice and improves working memory in non-stressed animals (Pierard et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pierard et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Military personnel with a high practice time of mindfulness training during the high-stress pre-deployment period demonstrated increases in working memory capacity, while those in the military control group or those with low practice time demonstrated decreases in working memory.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al 2010 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“systemic administration of fluoxetine did reverse a predator stress-induced deficit in working memory, while the benzodiazepine diazepam was not effective (Hage et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > Serotonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hage et al 2004 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“expressive writing, in particular about a negative stressful experience, produced higher increases in working memory capacity in college freshmen compared to those writing about a trivial topic; these gains were associated with decreases in intrusive and avoidant thinking (Klein & Boals 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Klein & Boals 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these studies suggest that the effects of stress on attention may depend on the amount of time one is subjected to stress (i.e. chronic, acute, and experimentally-induced brief stress) and the emotional valence of the stimuli presented during the task.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.2. Effects of stress on attention
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another form of behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), improves subjects’ ability to direct attention and detect changes in stimuli through mindfulness training (Jha et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OFC and infralimbic (IL) mPFC have been shown to mediate response inhibition, as lesions of these areas produce premature responding in the 5-CSRTT and SSRT (Chudasama et al 2003, Eagle et al 2008a, Eagle & Robbins 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and the αβ1/β/α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol produced deficits in attention, the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole improved continued attention (Bari & Robbins 2013b).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bari & Robbins 2013b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Activation of α2 autoreceptors improved attention in some studies (Smith & Nutt 1996), but not in others (Fernando et al 2012).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith & Nutt 1996
- Not checked yetcites Fernando et al 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“drugs such as methylphenidate that function by increasing extracellular dopamine through DAT inhibition are routinely used to target attention deficits, and these effects are context-dependent (Volkow et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Volkow et al 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Within depressed patients, one session of TMS targeted to the left DLPFC increased activity within the region and increased attention in an affective go-no-go task (Bermpohl et al 2006).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bermpohl et al 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, the role of striatal D2 receptors have been linked to impulsivity and addictive behavior (Volkow et al 2007).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Volkow et al 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Additionally, both NMDA-R antagonism and 5-HT2A receptor activation result in increased glutamate release (Aghajanian & Marek 2000, Moghaddam et al 1997).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aghajanian & Marek 2000
- Not checked yetcites Moghaddam et al 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Microinjections of fluoxetine into the OFC increase response inhibition in rats already showing impulsive tendencies, but have no effect in low impulsivity rats. This finding indicates direct effects of SSRIs within the PFC of animals already exhibiting a deficit, but do not enhance response inhibition in normal animals (Darna et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Darna et al 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The serotonergic system has long been implicated in the regulation of behavioral inhibition (Evenden 1999, Linnoila et al 1983).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which may increase levels of 5-HT and norepinephrine leading to increased NMDA-R function within the mPFC, and subsequent beneficial effects on response inhibition measures (Carli et al 2011, Carli & Invernizzi 2014, Darna et al 2015, Mirjana et al 2004).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In comparing patients before and after 10 weeks of VNS, the treatment significantly improved response inhibition, as well as other cognitive symptoms (Sackeim et al 2001).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sackeim et al 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This form of learning is mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), as evidenced by impairments in reversal learning following lesions of this region in humans (Fellows & Farah 2003, Hornak et al 2004), monkeys (Dias et al 1996), mice (Bissonette et al 2008) and rats (McAlonan & Brown 2003).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, phencyclidine (PCP), when used at doses to mimic schizophrenia-like symptoms in rats, impaired reversal in some cases (Abdul-Monim et al 2007), but in other studies it was found to have no effect (Brigman et al 2010, Janhunen et al 2015), or to even improve reversal learning (Dix et al 2010, Fellini et al 2014, McAllister et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other brain regions important for reversal learning are the striatum (Cools et al 2002, Rogers et al 2000), amygdala (Izquierdo et al 2013, Schoenbaum et al 2003, Wassum & Izquierdo 2015) and the hippocampus (Mala et al 2015).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“other activators of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), have been shown to correct the reversal learning deficits induced by cold stress, and blockade of IL-6 signaling or JAK2 inhibition produce deficits in reversal learning (Donegan et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Donegan et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent study, the ability of ketamine to correct stress-induced reversal learning deficits was accompanied by decreased field potentials in the OFC evoked by activation of mediodorsothalamic afferents, and both effects required activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in the OFC (Patton et al 2016).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patton et al 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, LTD is required for optimal reversal learning: administration of a ionotropic glutamate receptor NMDA subunit 2B (GluN2B) selective antagonist or blockade of GluA-R internalization prevents LTD in the hippocampus, and produces a disruption of spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze (Dong et al 2013, Duffy et al 2008, Mills et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, it is possible that ketamine’s beneficial effects on reversal learning are due to regulation of AMPA-R transmission.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The effects of vortioxetine are not due solely to its ability to inhibit serotonin reuptake, since the drug was effective in correcting reversal learning deficits induced by serotonin depletion with PCPA (Wallace et al 2014).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallace et al 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In animal models, the outcomes of experiments with acute stressors have been mixed, possibly due to varying intensity of the stress used.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In monkeys, serotonin depletion within the prefrontal cortex using 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine caused reversal learning deficits, but not set-shifting deficits (Clarke et al 2004, Clarke et al 2005).”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After 8–12 weeks of CBT, these individuals improved both their YBOCS and reversal task scores”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Freyer et al 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“depletion of tryptophan in healthy human volunteers homozygous for the long allele of 5-HTT reduced the capacity of the individuals to utilize negative feedback information from punishment and impaired performance on reversal learning.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Finger et al 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although serotonin depletion has been shown to impair reversal learning but not set-shifting (Clarke et al 2005, Lapiz-Bluhm et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“available therapies are only partially effective at ameliorating cognitive symptoms.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 7. Concluding remarks
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impact of stress on executive function is well documented both in humans and in animal models.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 7. Concluding remarks
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from animal models of stress and executive function can be generalized to humans.
“Paralleling human studies, chronic stress impairs working memory (Arnsten et al 2012, Barsegyan et al 2010, Mizoguchi et al 2000) as well as cognitive flexibility”
The paper relies on this without support.
The stress manipulations used in the cited animal and human studies are valid models of chronic stress as it occurs in humans.
“conditions that are the hallmarks of chronic stress”
The paper relies on this without support.
Orbitofrontal cortex damage does not impair extradimensional shifting.
“OFC damage does not impair ED shifting, and lateral or medial PFC damage does not impair reversal learning, suggesting a functional dissociation between those regions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lateral or medial prefrontal cortex damage does not impair reversal learning.
“OFC damage does not impair ED shifting, and lateral or medial PFC damage does not impair reversal learning, suggesting a functional dissociation between those regions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As part of the frontoparietal network (188), the parietal cortex interacts with core PFC regions to support attention and integration (189); hypoactivation due to PFC dysconnectivity (175) may exacerbate cognitive inflexibility by impairing spatial attention and working memory updating (190), indirectly amplifying DMN rumination in OCD (191).”
From Neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a review (2026) · cites this paper as [189]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.3. Set-shifting
“SERT knockout mice perform better than control mice on the set-shifting task of AST (Nonkes et al 2012)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“296. Nonkes LJ van de V II de Leeuw MJ Wijlaars LP Maes JH Homberg JR 2012 Serotonin transporter knockout rats show improved strategy set-shifting and reduced latent inhibition”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
“amantadine, a low affinity NMDA-R antagonist, has been shown to correct deficits in spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze in mice that experience a combination of chronic unpredictable stress and isolation feeding (Yu et al 2016)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“409. Yu M Zhang Y Chen X Zhang T 2016 Antidepressant-like effects and possible mechanisms of amantadine on cognitive and synaptic deficits in a rat model of chronic stress”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
“one session of TMS of the DLPFC was sufficient to improve working memory on the n-back task fifteen minutes later in antidepressant-free patients diagnosed with depression (Oliveira et al 2013)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“303. Oliveira JF Zanao TA Valiengo L Lotufo PA Bensenor IM 2013 Acute working memory improvement after tDCS in antidepressant-free patients with major depressive disorder”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
“citalopram reduced attentional performance compared to placebo; this effect strongly correlated with high-transcription variants of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1B receptors (Lenze et al 2013)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“223. Lenze EJ Dixon D Nowotny P Lotrich FE Dore PM 2013 Escitalopram reduces attentional performance in anxious older adults with high-expression genetic variants at serotonin 2A and 1B receptors”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
“Finally, another noninvasive treatment for impulse control in current use is VNS.”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 3. Working Memory > 3.4. Non-pharmacological treatments
“In VNS, an electrode surrounds the left vagus nerve and communicates with a pulse generator to send pulses of a programmed width, frequency, current, and cycle to the vagus nerve (Schachter & Saper 1998).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 4. Attention > 4.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
“a selective 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT had beneficial effects, increasing attention”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 5. Response Inhibition > 5.3. Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological targets
“5-HT1A antagonism with 8-OH-DPAT within the PFC was also able to block CPP-induced elevations in extracellular glutamate”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
“genetic inactivation of 5-HTT in mice produces deficits in reversal learning (Brigman et al 2010)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“58. Brigman JL Mathur P Harvey-White J Izquierdo A Saksida LM 2010 Pharmacological or genetic inactivation of the serotonin transporter improves reversal learning in mice”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > 6. Cognitive flexibility > 6.2. Reversal learning
“Impaired reversal learning following D2/D3 antagonists was observed in rats (Boulougouris et al 2009)”
§ Prefrontal cortex executive processes affected by stress in health and disease > References
“54. Boulougouris V Castane A Robbins TW 2009 Dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole impairs spatial reversal learning in rats: investigation of D3 receptor involvement in persistent behavior”
Citations
Cites
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
Baddeley, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1736359 · Cited by 5,258
Aston-Jones, G., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709 · Cited by 4,472
Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: a unifying triple network model
Menon, V. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003 · Cited by 4,168
A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression.
Zarate, C. A., Singh, J. B., Carlson, P. J., Brutsche, N. E., Ameli, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Charney, D. S., & Manji, H. K. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.856 · Cited by 3,766
Krystal, J. H. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004 · Cited by 3,330 · cited 1×
“…with antagonists of N-methyl-Daspartate glutamate receptors (NMDA-Rs) resulting in working memory impairments in rodents (Pontecorvo et al 1991), non-human primates (Baron & Wenger 2001, Frederick et al 1995, Roberts et al 2010), and humans (Ghoneim et al 1985, Krystal et al 1994, Oye et al 1992).”
BackgroundAlterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation
Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., Urbanowski, F., Harrington, A., Bonus, K., & Sheridan, J. F. (2003) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000077505.67574.e3 · Cited by 2,925
A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking
Berg, E. A. (1948) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159 · Cited by 2,255
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in cognition, ageing and dementia
Jobson, D. D., Hase, Y., Clarkson, A. N., & Kalaria, R. N. (2021) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcab125 · Cited by 338
Let’s call the whole thing off: evaluating gender and sex differences in executive function
Grissom, N. M., & Reyes, T. M. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0179-5 · Cited by 306
Noradrenergic Modulation of Fear Conditioning and Extinction
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00043 · Cited by 203
Bloemendaal, M., Szopinska-Tokov, J., Belzer, C., Boverhoff, D., Papalini, S., Michels, F., van Hemert, S., Arias Vasquez, A., & Aarts, E. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01404-9 · Cited by 118
Wellman, C. L., Bangasser, D. A., Bollinger, J. L., Coutellier, L., Logrip, M. L., Moench, K. M., & Urban, K. R. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1673-18.2018 · Cited by 88
Metadata
- Authors
- Girotti, M., Adler, S. M., Bulin, S. E., Fucich, E. A., Paredes, D., & Morilak, D. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Girotti, Milena
- Venue
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 85
- Pages
- 161-179
- ISSN
- 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5756532
- OpenAlex
- W2725639589
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 422
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 1.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (MH072672, MH053851, MH100652)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, executive function, chronic stress, executive dysfunction, working memory, attention, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, neurochemical pathways, stress-related psychiatric disorders, pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological treatment
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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