Cited by 261Iron Metabolism and DisordersRetinal Development and DisordersRetinal Diseases and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 150 of the 153 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Iron homeostasis and toxicity in retinal degeneration

Open access

He, Xining, Hahn, Paul, Iacovelli, Jared, Wong, Robert, King, Chih, Bhisitkul, Robert, Massaro-Giordano, Mina, Dunaief, Joshua L.·2007·Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

DOI 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.07.004PMC PMC2093950

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Iron is essential for many metabolic processes but can also cause damage. As a potent generator of hydroxyl radical, the most reactive of the free radicals, iron can cause considerable oxidative stress. Since iron is absorbed through diet but not excreted except through menstruation, total body iron levels buildup with age. Macular iron levels increase with age, in both men and women. This iron has the potential to contribute to retinal degeneration. Here we present an overview of the evidence suggesting that iron may contribute to retinal degenerations. Intraocular iron foreign bodies cause retinal degeneration. Retinal iron buildup resulting from hereditary iron homeostasis disorders aceruloplasminemia, Friedreich's ataxia, and panthothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration cause retinal degeneration. Mice with targeted mutation of the iron exporter ceruloplasmin have age-dependent retinal iron overload and a resulting retinal degeneration with features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Post mortem retinas from patients with AMD have more iron and the iron carrier transferrin than age-matched controls. Over the past 10 years much has been learned about the intricate network of proteins involved in iron handling. Many of these, including transferrin, transferrin receptor, divalent metal transporter-1, ferritin, ferroportin, ceruloplasmin, hephaestin, iron-regulatory protein, and histocompatibility leukocyte antigen class I-like protein involved in iron homeostasis (HFE) have been found in the retina. Some of these proteins have been found in the cornea and lens as well. Levels of the iron carrier transferrin are high in the aqueous and vitreous humors. The functions of these proteins in other tissues, combined with studies on cultured ocular tissues, genetically engineered mice, and eye exams on patients with hereditary iron diseases provide clues regarding their ocular functions. Iron may play a role in a broad range of ocular diseases, including glaucoma, cataract, AMD, and conditions causing intraocular hemorrhage. While iron deficiency must be prevented, the therapeutic potential of limiting iron-induced ocular oxidative damage is high. Systemic, local, or topical iron chelation with an expanding repertoire of drugs has clinical potential.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.07.004

Cites

150 of 150 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1984) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2190001 · Cited by 5,330
Hepcidin Regulates Cellular Iron Efflux by Binding to Ferroportin and Inducing Its Internalization
Nemeth, E., Tuttle, M. S., Powelson, J., Vaughn, M. B., Donovan, A., Ward, D. M., Ganz, T., & Kaplan, J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104742 · Cited by 4,803
A novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis
Feder, J. N., Gnirke, A., Thomas, W., Tsuchihashi, Z., Ruddy, D. A., Basava, A., Dormishian, F., Domingo, R., Ellis, M. C., Fullan, A., et al. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0896-399 · Cited by 3,664
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial of High-Dose Supplementation With Vitamins C and E, Beta Carotene, and Zinc for Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Vision Loss: AREDS Report No. 8
(2001) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417 · Cited by 3,285
Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter
Gunshin, H., Mackenzie, B., Berger, U. V., Gunshin, Y., Romero, M. F., Boron, W. F., Nussberger, S., Gollan, J. L., & Hediger, M. A. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/41343 · Cited by 3,166
Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver
Park, C. H., Valore, E. V., Waring, A. J., & Ganz, T. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008922200 · Cited by 2,168
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Beatty, S., Koh, H.-H., Phil, M., Henson, D., & Boulton, M. (2000) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00140-5 · Cited by 2,051
A New Mouse Liver-specific Gene, Encoding a Protein Homologous to Human Antimicrobial Peptide Hepcidin, Is Overexpressed during Iron Overload
Pigeon, C., Ilyin, G., Courselaud, B., Leroyer, P., Turlin, B., Brissot, P., & Loréal, O. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008923200 · Cited by 1,697
Positional cloning of zebrafish ferroportin1 identifies a conserved vertebrate iron exporter
Donovan, A., Brownlie, A., Zhou, Y., Shepard, J., Pratt, S. J., Moynihan, J., Paw, B. H., Drejer, A., Barut, B., Zapata, A., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35001596 · Cited by 1,667
A Novel Duodenal Iron-Regulated Transporter, IREG1, Implicated in the Basolateral Transfer of Iron to the Circulation
McKie, A. T., Marciani, P., Rolfs, A., Brennan, K., Wehr, K., Barrow, D., Miret, S., Bomford, A., Peters, T. J., Farzaneh, F., et al. (2000) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80425-6 · Cited by 1,422
Iron accumulation in Alzheimer disease is a source of redox-generated free radicals
Smith, M. A., Harris, P. L. R., Sayre, L. M., & Perry, G. L. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.18.9866 · Cited by 1,365
LEAP-1, a novel highly disulfide-bonded human peptide, exhibits antimicrobial activity
Krause, A., Neitz, S., Mägert, H.-J., Schulz, A., Forssmann, W.-G., Schulz-Knappe, P., & Adermann, K. (2000) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01920-7 · Cited by 1,324
Molecular control of vertebrate iron metabolism: mRNA-based regulatory circuits operated by iron, nitric oxide, and oxidative stress.
Hentze, M. W., & Kühn, L. C. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.16.8175 · Cited by 1,292
The iron exporter ferroportin/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis
Donovan, A., Lima, C. A., Pinkus, J. L., Pinkus, G. S., Zon, L. I., Robine, S., & Andrews, N. C. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.01.003 · Cited by 1,275
A Novel Mammalian Iron-regulated Protein Involved in Intracellular Iron Metabolism
Abboud, S., & Haile, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m000713200 · Cited by 1,267
The Framingham Eye Study monograph: An ophthalmological and epidemiological study of cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and visual acuity in a general population of 2631 adults, 1973-1975.
Leibowitz, H. M., Krueger, D. E., Maunder, L. R., Milton, R. C., KINI, M. M., Kahn, H. A., Nickerson, R. J., Pool, J., Colton, T., Ganley, J. P., et al. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 1,250
Lack of hepcidin gene expression and severe tissue iron overload in upstream stimulatory factor 2 ( USF2 ) knockout mice
Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Devaux, I., Beaumont, C., Grandchamp, B., Kahn, A., & Vaulont, S. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.151179498 · Cited by 1,233
The gene encoding the iron regulatory peptide hepcidin is regulated by anemia, hypoxia, and inflammation
Nicolas, G., Chauvet, C., Viatte, L., Danan, J. L., Bigard, X., Devaux, I., Beaumont, C., Kahn, A., & Vaulont, S. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0215686 · Cited by 1,214
pH and the recycling of transferrin during receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Dautry‐Varsat, A., Ciechanover, A. J., & Lodish, H. F. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.8.2258 · Cited by 1,178
Hephaestin, a ceruloplasmin homologue implicated in intestinal iron transport, is defective in the sla mouse
Vulpe, C. D., Kuo, Y.-M., Murphy, T. L., Cowley, L., Askwith, C., Libina, N., Gitschier, J., & Anderson, G. J. (1999) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/5979 · Cited by 1,084
Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization
Poss, K. D., & Tonegawa, S. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.20.10919 · Cited by 1,016
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
Zarbin, M. A. (2004) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.122.4.598 · Cited by 1,006
Severe iron deficiency anemia in transgenic mice expressing liver hepcidin
Nicolas, G., Bennoun, M., Porteu, A., Mativet, S., Beaumont, C., Grandchamp, B., Sirito, M., Sawadogo, M., Kahn, A., & Vaulont, S. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.072632499 · Cited by 880
The hemochromatosis gene product complexes with the transferrin receptor and lowers its affinity for ligand binding
Feder, J. N., Penny, D. M., Irrinki, A., Lee, V. K., Lebrón, J. A., Watson, N., Tsuchihashi, Z., Sigal, E., Bjorkman, P. J., & Schatzman, R. C. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1472 · Cited by 827
Chemistry and biology of eukaryotic iron metabolism
Aisen, P. (2001) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/s1357-2725(01)00063-2 · Cited by 804
A novel pantothenate kinase gene (PANK2) is defective in Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
Zhou, B., Westaway, S. K., Levinson, B., Johnson, M., Gitschier, J. M., & Hayflick, S. J. (2001) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng572 · Cited by 756
Regulation of Iron Metabolism by Hepcidin
Nemeth, E., & Ganz, T. (2006) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111303 · Cited by 756 · cited 1×
“Most of these mutations affect hepcidin transcription and lead to hepcidin deficiency (Nemeth and Ganz, 2006).”
Background
The Evolution of Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Iron Overload Disease and Cancer
Kalinowski, D. S., & Richardson, D. R. (2005) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.57.4.2 · Cited by 721
The possible significance of the ferrous oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in normal human serum.
Osaki, S., Johnson, D. A., & Frieden, E. (1966) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96527-0 · Cited by 679
Cyclic GMP-Activated Conductance of Retinal Photoreceptor Cells
Yau, K., & Baylor, D. A. (1989) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.12.030189.001445 · Cited by 592
Targeted gene disruption reveals an essential role for ceruloplasmin in cellular iron efflux
Harris, Z. L., Durley, A. P., Man, T. K., & Gitlin, J. D. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.19.10812 · Cited by 568
Aceruloplasminemia: molecular characterization of this disorder of iron metabolism.
Harris, Z. L., Takahashi, Y., Miyajima, H., Serizawa, M., MacGillivray, R. T., & Gitlin, J. D. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2539 · Cited by 558 · cited 2×
“1 Aceruloplasminemia—Aceruloplasminemia is a rare adult-onset autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene on chromosome 3q (Harris et al., 1995).”
BackgroundInfluential
RPE65 is the isomerohydrolase in the retinoid visual cycle
Moiseyev, G., Chen, Y., Takahashi, Y., Wu, B. X., & Ma, J.-X. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503460102 · Cited by 536
Iron release from macrophages after erythrophagocytosis is up-regulated by ferroportin 1 overexpression and down-regulated by hepcidin
Knutson, M. D., Oukka, M., Koss, L. M., Aydemir, F., & Wessling-Resnick, M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409409102 · Cited by 479
The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity.
Klein, R., Wang, Q., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., & Meuer, S. M. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 458
Comparison of effects of oral deferiprone and subcutaneous desferrioxamine on myocardial iron concentrations and ventricular function in beta-thalassaemia
Anderson, L. J., Wonke, B., Prescott, E., Holden, S., Walker, J. M., & Pennell, D. J. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09740-4 · Cited by 431
Visual and Auditory Neurotoxicity in Patients Receiving Subcutaneous Deferoxamine Infusions
Olivieri, N. F., Buncic, J. R., Chew, E., Gallant, T., Harrison, R. V., Keenan, N. K., Logan, W. J., Mitchell, D., Ricci, G., Skarf, B., et al. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198604033141402 · Cited by 425
Selective iron chelation in Friedreich ataxia: biologic and clinical implications
Boddaert, N., Le Quan Sang, K. H., Rötig, A., Leroy-Willig, A., Gallet, S., Brunelle, F., Sidi, D., Thalabard, J.-C., Munnich, A., & Cabantchik, Z. I. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-12-065433 · Cited by 409
Experimental subretinal hemorrhage in rabbits
Glatt, H., & Machemer, R. (1982) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(82)90301-4 · Cited by 401
A human mitochondrial ferritin encoded by an intronless gene
Levi, S., Corsi, B., Bosisio, M., Invernizzi, R., Volz, A., Sanford, D., Arosio, P., & Drysdale, J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c100141200 · Cited by 400
The ferroportin disease
Pietrangelo, A. (2003) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2003.08.003 · Cited by 382
Ceruloplasmin regulates iron levels in the CNS and prevents free radical injury
Patel, B. N., Dunn, R. J., Jeong, S. Y., Zhu, Q., Julien, J.-P., & David, S. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-15-06578.2002 · Cited by 379
Iron metabolism in health and disease
Baldus, W. P. (1995) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(95)90247-3 · Cited by 378
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored ceruloplasmin is required for iron efflux from cells in the central nervous system
Jeong, S. Y., & David, S. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m301988200 · Cited by 377
Evidence of altered central nervous system development in infants with iron deficiency anemia at 6 mo: delayed maturation of auditory brainstem responses
Roncagliolo, M., Marcelo Garrido, S., Walter, T., Peirano, P. D., & Lozoff, B. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.3.683 · Cited by 371
A Novel Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Form of Ceruloplasmin Is Expressed by Mammalian Astrocytes
Patel, B. N., & David, S. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.32.20185 · Cited by 327
Safety and effectiveness of long-term therapy with the oral iron chelator deferiprone
Cohen, A. R., Galanello, R., Piga, A. G., Sanctis, V. D., & Tricta, F. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-10-3280 · Cited by 321
Distribution of divalent metal transporter 1 and metal transport protein 1 in the normal and Belgrade rat
Burdo, J. R., Menzies, S. L., Simpson, I. A., Garrick, L. M., Garrick, M. D., Dolan, K. G., Haile, D. J., Beard, J. L., & Connor, J. R. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1256 · Cited by 297
Iron-dependent oxidation, ubiquitination, and degradation of iron regulatory protein 2: Implications for degradation of oxidized proteins
Iwai, K., Drake, S. K., Wehr, N. B., Weissman, A. M., LaVaute, T., Minato, N., Klausner, R. D., Levine, R. L., & Rouault, T. A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.9.4924 · Cited by 293
Iron Regulates the Intracellular Degradation of Iron Regulatory Protein 2 by the Proteasome
Guo, B., Phillips, J. D., Yu, Y., & Leibold, E. A. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.37.21645 · Cited by 287
Iron metabolism in health and disease
Brock, J. H., Halliday, J. W., Pippard, M. J., & Powell, L. W. (1994) · Cited by 286
NMDA Receptor-Nitric Oxide Transmission Mediates Neuronal Iron Homeostasis via the GTPase Dexras1
Cheah, J. H., Kim, S. F., Hester, L. D., Clancy, K. W., Patterson, S. E., Papadopoulos, V., & Snyder, S. H. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.011 · Cited by 285
Brain Iron Metabolism
Rouault, T. A., & Cooperman, S. (2006) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2006.08.002 · Cited by 280
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel bifunctional iron-chelators as potential agents for neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases
Zheng, H., Weiner, L. M., Bar-Am, O., Epsztejn, S., Cabantchik, Z. I., Warshawsky, A., Youdim, M. B. H., & Fridkin, M. (2005) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.037 · Cited by 278
Design of clinically useful iron(III)‐selective chelators
Liu, Z. D., & Hider, R. C. (2002) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.1027 · Cited by 266
Disruption of ceruloplasmin and hephaestin in mice causes retinal iron overload and retinal degeneration with features of age-related macular degeneration
Hahn, P., Qian, Y., Dentchev, T., Chen, L., Beard, J., Harris, Z. L., & Dunaief, J. L. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0405146101 · Cited by 264
Self-citation
Expression of Acute-Phase Response Proteins in Retinal Muller Cells in Diabetes
Gerhardinger, C., Costa, M. B. ́., Coulombe, M. C., Toth, I., Hoehn, T., & Grosu, P. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0860 · Cited by 260
Maculas Affected by Age-Related Macular Degeneration Contain Increased Chelatable Iron in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Bruch's Membrane
Hahn, P. (2003) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.121.8.1099 · Cited by 258
Self-citation
Overexpression of Wild Type and Mutated Human Ferritin H-chain in HeLa Cells
Cozzi, A., Corsi, B., Levi, S., Santambrogio, P., Albertini, A., & Arosio, P. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m003797200 · Cited by 242
Iron-sulfur clusters as biosensors of oxidants and iron.
Rouault, T. A., & Klausner, R. D. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 238
The molecular basis of ferroportin-linked hemochromatosis
De Domenico, I., Ward, D. M., Nemeth, E., Vaughn, M. B., Musci, G., Ganz, T., & Kaplan, J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503804102 · Cited by 230
Histochemical Distribution of Non-Haem Iron in the Human Brain
Morris, C. M., Candy, J., Oakley, A. E., Bloxham, C. A., & Edwardson, J. A. (1992) · Cells Tissues Organs · doi:10.1159/000147312 · Cited by 218
The safety and effectiveness of deferiprone in a large‐scale, 3‐year study in Italian patients
Ceci, A., Baiardi, P., Felisi, M., Cappellini, M. D., Carnelli, V., Sanctis, V. D., Galanello, R., Maggio, A., Masera, G., Piga, A. G., et al. (2002) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03554.x · Cited by 214
Iron-sulfur clusters as biosensors of oxidants and iron
Rouault, T. A., & Klausner, R. D. (1996) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(96)10024-4 · Cited by 207
Deferoxamine-induced growth retardation in patients with thalassemia major
Virgillis, S. D., Congia, M., Frau, F., Argiolu, F., Diana, G., Cucca, F., Varsi, A., Sanna, G., Podda, G., Fodde, M., et al. (1988) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80375-5 · Cited by 205
Mitochondrial ferritin expression in erythroid cells from patients with sideroblastic anemia
Cazzola, M., Invernizzi, R., Bergamaschi, G., Levi, S., Corsi, B., Travaglino, E., Rolandi, V., Biasiotto, G., Drysdale, J., & Arosio, P. (2003) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2002-07-2006 · Cited by 205
Lactulose 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate, l -rhamnose and polyethyleneglycol 500 as probe markers for assessment in vivo of human intestinal permeability
Maxton, D. G., Bjarnason, I., Reynolds, A., Catt, S. D., Peters, T. J., & Menzies, I. S. (1986) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0710071 · Cited by 204
Alternative RNA Splicing Generates a Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Form of Ceruloplasmin in Mammalian Brain
Patel, B. N., Dunn, R. J., & David, S. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.275.6.4305 · Cited by 202
The Role of the L-Chain in Ferritin Iron Incorporation
Levi, S., Santambrogio, P., Cozzi, A., Rovida, E., Corsi, B., Tamborini, E., Spada, S., Albertini, A., & Arosio, P. (1994) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1994.1325 · Cited by 180
Reduced signal intensity on MR images of thalamus and putamen in multiple sclerosis: increased iron content?
Drayer, B. P., Burger, P. C., Hurwitz, B. J., Dawson, D. V., & Cain, J. (1987) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.149.2.357 · Cited by 178
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ICL670, a new orally active iron-chelating agent in patients with transfusion-dependent iron overload due to beta-thalassemia.
Galanello, R., Piga, A. G., Alberti, D., Rouan, M. C., Bigler, H., & Séchaud, R. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 169
Kinetic Studies of Ferrous Ion Oxidation with Crystalline Human Ferroxidase (Ceruloplasmin)
Osaki, S. (1966) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99669-9 · Cited by 160
Iron Induced Oxidative Damage As a Potential Factor in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Cogan Lecture
Dunaief, J. L. (2006) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0568 · Cited by 154
Self-citation
Essays in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology
(1979) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(79)90033-8 · Cited by 144
Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of ICL670, a New Orally Active Iron-Chelating Agent in Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Iron Overload Due to β-Thalassemia
Galanello, R., Piga, A. G., Alberti, D., Rouan, M. C., Bigler, H., & Séchaud, R. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270003253350 · Cited by 140
Deficiency of pantothenate kinase 2 ( Pank2 ) in mice leads to retinal degeneration and azoospermia
Kuo, Y., Duncan, J. L., Westaway, S. K., Yang, H., Nune, G. C., Xu, E. Y., Hayflick, S. J., & Gitschier, J. M. (2004) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddi005 · Cited by 139
Cellular distribution of iron in the brain of the Belgrade rat
Burdo, J. R., Martin, J., Menzies, S. L., Dolan, K. G., Romano, M. A., Fletcher, R. J., Garrick, M. D., Garrick, L. M., & Connor, J. R. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00207-9 · Cited by 130
Pulmonary toxic effects of continuous desferrioxamine administration in acute iron poisoning
Tenenbein, M., Kowalski, S., Sienko, A. E., Bowden, D. H., Adamson, I. Y. R., & Tenenbein, M. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90598-w · Cited by 125
Binding to cellular receptors results in increased iron release from transferrin at mildly acidic pH
Sipe, D. M., & Murphy, R. F. (1991) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)92931-5 · Cited by 122
Macular Degeneration in a Patient with Aceruloplasminemia, a Disease Associated with Retinal Iron Overload
Dunaief, J. L., Richa, C. G., Franks, E. P., Schultze, R. L., Alemán, T. S., Schenck, J. F., Zimmerman, E. A., & BROOKS, D. (2005) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.12.029 · Cited by 118
Self-citation
Iron, ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin receptor in the adult rat retina.
Yéfimova, M., Jeanny, J., Guillonneau, X., Keller, N., Nguyen-Legros, J., Sergeant, C., Guillou, F., & Courtois, Y. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 112
The expanded clinical spectrum of deferoxamine retinopathy11The authors have no commercial or proprietary interest in any of the materials noted in this article.
Haimovici, R., D’Amico, D. J., Gragoudas, E. S., & Sokol, S. (2002) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(01)00947-2 · Cited by 110
Mechanisms and regulation of transferrin and iron transport in a model blood–brain barrier system
Burdo, J. R., Antonetti, D. A., Wolpert, E. B., & Connor, J. R. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00590-6 · Cited by 106
Gene Microarray Analysis of Experimental Glaucomatous Retina from Cynomologous Monkey
Miyahara, T., Kikuchi, T., Akimoto, M., Kurokawa, T., Shibuki, H., & Yoshimura, N. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.02-1032 · Cited by 105
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Pietrangelo, A. (2006) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.05.013 · Cited by 105
Novel Chelators for Central Nervous System Disorders That Involve Alterations in the Metabolism of Iron and Other Metal Ions
Richardson, D. R. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1306.026 · Cited by 104
Non-HFE Hemochromatosis
Pietrangelo, A. (2005) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/s-2005-923316 · Cited by 102
The Iron Carrier Transferrin Is Upregulated in Retinas from Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Chowers, I., Wong, R., Dentchev, T., Farkas, R. H., Iacovelli, J., Gunatilaka, T. L., Medeiros, N. E., Presley, J. B., Campochiaro, P. A., Curcio, C. A., et al. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1135 · Cited by 102
Self-citation
Role of Ceruloplasmin in Macrophage Iron Efflux during Hypoxia
Sarkar, J., Seshadri, V., Tripoulas, N. A., Ketterer, M. E., & Fox, P. L. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m304926200 · Cited by 101
Increased Expression of Iron-Regulating Genes in Monkey and Human Glaucoma
Farkas, R. H. (2004) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.03-0872 · Cited by 101
Deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in patients with thalassemia major.
Brill, P. W., Winchester, P., Giardina, P. J., & Cunningham-Rundles, S. (1991) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.156.3.1899759 · Cited by 97
Intravenous infusion pharmacokinetics of desferrioxamine in thalassaemic patients.
Lee, P., Mohammed, N., Marshall, L., Abeysinghe, R. D., Hider, R. C., Porter, J. B., & Singh, S. (1993) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(25)07467-7 · Cited by 92
Iron‐enriched oligodendrocytes: A reexamination of their spatial distribution
LeVine, S. M., & Macklin, W. B. (1990) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.490260415 · Cited by 91
SIH—a novel lipophilic iron chelator—protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial injury and cell death
Šimůnek, T., Boer, C., Bouwman, R. A., VLASBLOM, R., Versteilen, A. M. G., Štěrba, M., Geršl, V., Hrdina, R., Poňka, P., & DELANGE, J. (2005) · Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.05.008 · Cited by 91
Iron levels in human retina: sex difference and increase with age
Hahn, P., Ying, G.-S., Beard, J., & Dunaief, J. L. (2006) · NeuroReport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3280107776 · Cited by 90
Self-citation
Increased expression of ceruloplasmin in the retina following photic injury.
Chen, L., Dentchev, T., Wong, R., Hahn, P., Wen, R., Bennett, J., & Dunaief, J. L. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 84
Self-citation
Is stored iron safe?
Sullivan, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.lab.2004.10.006 · Cited by 82
Differential Sensitivity of Cones to Iron-Mediated Oxidative Damage
Rogers, B. S., Symons, R. C. A., Komeima, K., Shen, J., Xiao, W., Swaim, M., Gong, Y., Kachi, S., & Campochiaro, P. A. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0528 · Cited by 80
Iron increases expression of iron-export protein MTP1 in lung cells
Yang, F., Wang, X., Haile, D. J., Piantadosi, C. A., & Ghio, A. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00114.2002 · Cited by 78
Immunolocalization and regulation of iron handling proteins ferritin and ferroportin in the retina.
Hahn, P., Dentchev, T., Qian, Y., Rouault, T. A., Harris, Z. L., & Dunaief, J. L. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Self-citation
Iron Chelation Therapy
Hershko, C., Link, G., Konijn, A. M., & Cabantchik, Z. I. (2002) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0593-8 · Cited by 72
Impaired retinal iron homeostasis associated with defective phagocytosis in Royal College of Surgeons rats.
Yéfimova, M., Jeanny, J., Keller, N., Sergeant, C., Guillonneau, X., Beaumont, C., & Courtois, Y. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 70
Visual Results and Prognostic Factors for Vision Following Surgery for Stage V Retinopathy of Prematurity
Trese, M. T. (1986) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33681-9 · Cited by 66
Iron chelators of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone class Part I. Ionisation characteristics of the ligands and their relevance to biological properties
Richardson, D. R., Vitolo, L. M. W., Hefter, G. T., May, P. M., Clare, B. W., Webb, J. M., & Wilairat, P. (1990) · Inorganica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0020-1693(00)80471-5 · Cited by 66
Iron chelation therapy
Hoffbrand, A. V., & Wonke, B. (1997) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.1997.242.s740.37 · Cited by 65
Strong Labeling for Iron and the Iron-Handling Proteins Ferritin and Ferroportin in the Photoreceptor Layer in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Dentchev, T. (2005) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.123.12.1745 · Cited by 65
Microsomal electron transfer system of bovine retinal pigment epithelium
Shichi, H. (1969) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(69)80081-3 · Cited by 61
Inhibition of iron absorption prolongs the life span of Drosophila
Massie, H. R., Aiello, V. R., & Williams, T. R. (1993) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(93)90001-8 · Cited by 61
Iron in the Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome
Koeppen, A. H., & Dickson, A. C. (2001) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00269-7 · Cited by 59
Deferasirox—An Oral Agent for Chronic Iron Overload
VanOrden, H. E., & Hagemann, T. M. (2006) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1g566 · Cited by 59
Evaluation of new iron chelators and their therapeutic potential
Aouad, F., Florence, A., Zhang, Y., Collins, F., Henry, C., Ward, R. J., & Crichton, R. R. (2002) · Inorganica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0020-1693(02)01040-x · Cited by 58
Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Human Iron Metabolism by Iron Regulatory Proteins
Rouault, T. A. (2002) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1006/bcmd.2002.0571 · Cited by 58
4 Desferrioxamine-induced iron excretion in humans
Pippard, M. J. (1989) · Baillière s Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/s0950-3536(89)80020-4 · Cited by 58
Ocular Clinicopathologic Correlation of Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome with Acanthocytosis and Pigmentary Retinopathy
Luckenbach, M. W., Green, W. R., Miller, N. R., Moser, H. W., Clark, A. W., & Tennekoon, G. I. (1983) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)78308-4 · Cited by 57
Iron accumulation during development and ageing of Drosophila
Massie, H. R., Aiello, V. R., & Williams, T. R. (1985) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/0047-6374(85)90020-x · Cited by 57
Experimental Siderosis in the Rabbit
Declercq, S. S. (1977) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1977.04450060138014 · Cited by 53
Redox control of gene expression involving iron‐sulfur proteins. Change of oxidation‐state or assembly/disassembly of Fe‐S clusters?
Beinert, H., & Kiley, P. J. (1996) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00140-8 · Cited by 53
Transferrin receptors on the surfaces of retinal pigment epithelial cells are associated with the cytoskeleton
Hunt, R. C., Dewey, A. R., & Davis, A. A. (1989) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.92.4.655 · Cited by 53
Neuropharmacological and Neurobiochemical Aspects of Iron Deficiency
Youdim, M. B. H. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1766-7_9 · Cited by 50
Experimental Ocular Siderosis in the Squirrel Monkey
Masciulli, L., Anderson, D. R., & Charles, S. T. (1972) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(72)90826-4 · Cited by 50
Absorption of retinal and subretinal hemorrhages.
Gillies, A., & Lahav, M. (1983) · PubMed · Cited by 49
Expression and Polarized Localization of the Hemochromatosis Gene Product HFE in Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Martin, P. M. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0026 · Cited by 47
Expression of ceruloplasmin in the retina: induction after optic nerve crush.
Levin, L. A., & Geszvain, K. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 43
Hemoglobin-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in the Retina: A Possible Mechanism for Macular Degeneration
Ito, T. K., Nakano, M., Yamamoto, Y., Hiramitsu, T., & Mizuno, Y. (1995) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1116 · Cited by 43
HBED ligand: preclinical studies of a potential alternative to deferoxamine for treatment of chronic iron overload and acute iron poisoning
Bergeron, R. J., Wiegand, J., & Brittenham, G. M. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.8.3019 · Cited by 43
Clinical aspects of ocular siderosis and hemosiderosis.
Cibis, P. A., YAMASHITA, T., & Rodriguez, F. R. (1959) · PubMed · Cited by 42
Retinal Degeneration in Hereditary Ceruloplasmin Deficiency
Yamaguchi, K., Takahashi, S., Kawanami, T., Kato, T., & Sasaki, H. (1997) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000027251 · Cited by 40
Ocular Pathologic Changes in Primary Hemochromatosis
Roth, A. M., & Foos, R. Y. (1972) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1972.01000020509003 · Cited by 39
Nuclear ferritin in corneal epithelial cells: tissue–specific nuclear transport and protection from UV–damage
Linsenmayer, T. F., Cai, C. X., Millholland, J. M., Beazley, K. E., & Fitch, J. M. (2004) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2004.08.004 · Cited by 37
Pigmentary Degeneration of the Retina in the Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome
Newell, F. W., Johnson, R. O., & Huttenlocher, P. R. (1979) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/0002-9394(79)90648-2 · Cited by 36
Ultrastructural Studies of Cornea, Iris and Lens in a Case of Siderosis Bulbi
Talamo, J. H., Topping, T. M., Maumenee, A. E., & Green, W. R. (1985) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(85)34090-3 · Cited by 35
Regulation of Ferritin Levels in Cultured Lens Epithelial Cells
McGahan, M. C., Harned, J., Grimes, A. M., & Fleisher, L. N. (1994) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.1994.1140 · Cited by 34
Transferrin, One of the Major Vitreous Proteins, is Produced Within the Eye
Laicine, E. M., & Haddad, A. (1994) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1006/exer.1994.1129 · Cited by 33
Overexpression of H- and L-ferritin subunits in lens epithelial cells: Fe metabolism and cellular response to UVB irradiation.
Goralska, M., Holley, B. L., & McGahan, M. C. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 32
Release of iron by human retinal pigment epithelial cells
Hunt, R. C., & Davis, A. A. (1992) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.1041520114 · Cited by 31
Transferrin secretion by lens epithelial cells in culture
McGahan, M. C., Harned, J., Goralska, M., Sherry, B., & Fleisher, L. N. (1995) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(05)80008-9 · Cited by 30
Tumor necrosis factor-α induces transcription of the colony-stimulating factor-1 gene in murine osteoblasts
Kaplan, D. L., Eielson, C. M., Horowitz, M. C., Insogna, K. L., & Weir, E. C. (1996) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199607)168:1 · Cited by 30
Gene Therapy for Ocular Neovascularization
Campochiaro, P. A. (2007) · Current Gene Therapy · doi:10.2174/156652307779940252 · Cited by 24
Catastrophic Visual Loss in a Patient With Friedreich Ataxia
Porter, N. (2007) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.125.2.273 · Cited by 23
Contribution of plasma proteins to the vitreous of the rat
Hawkins, K. N. (1986) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713688609015133 · Cited by 23
Antioxidant activity of aqueous and vitreous humor from the inflamed rabbit eye
McGahan, M. C., & Fleisher, L. N. (1986) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.3109/02713688609015131 · Cited by 22
A Study of Potential Toxic Effects After Repeated 10-Week Administration of a New Iron Chelator – Salicylaldehyde Isonicotinoyl Hydrazone (SIH) to Rabbits
Klimtová, I., Šimůnek, T., Mazurová, Y., Kaplanová, J., Štěrba, M., Hrdina, R., Geršl, V., Adamcová, M., & Poňka, P. (2003) · Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove Czech Republic) · doi:10.14712/18059694.2019.27 · Cited by 20
Ocular Siderosis
Sneed, S. R. (1988) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1988.01060140143041 · Cited by 19
Aqueous humor of cat contains fibroblast growth factor and transferrin similar to those in man
Tripathi, R. C., Millard, C. B., Tripathi, B. J., Chailertborisuth, N. S., Neely, K. A., & Ernest, J. T. (1990) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/0014-4835(90)90016-n · Cited by 18
Fluorescein angiographic findings in ocular siderosis
Shaikh, S., & Blumenkranz, M. S. (2001) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00718-2 · Cited by 18
Binding of Iron to the 5th Component of Human Complement Directs Oxygen Radical-Mediated Conversion to Specific Sites and Causes Nonenzymic Activation
Vogt, W., Nolte, R., & Brunahl, D. (2017) · Complement and Inflammation · doi:10.1159/000463202 · Cited by 17
Lens epithelial cells synthesize and secrete ceruloplasmin: Effects of ceruloplasmin and transferrin on iron efflux and intracellular iron dynamics
Harned, J., Fleisher, L. N., & McGahan, M. C. (2006) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.01.018 · Cited by 14
Quantitative study of characteristic aqueous humor transferrin, serum transferrin and desialized serum transferrin in aqueous humor.
Yu, T.-C., & Okamura, R. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Cluster analysis of genes with significant change in expression in cells conditioned to survive TBOOH
Li, D., Ma, W., Sun, F. Y., Pavlidis, P., & Spector, A. (2003) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2003.10.016 · Cited by 8
Deferoxamine Reduces Retinal Toxicity from Subretinal Blood
Youssef, T., Trese, M. T., Hartzer, M. K., Mahgoub, M. M., Raza, H., Azrak, M. I., & Allredge, C. (2002) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 5

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Knave, 1969, Electroretinography in eyes with retained intraocular metallic foreign bodies, Acta Ophthalmol., 100, 4
Piga, 2002, Phase II study of oral chelator ICL670 in thalassemia patients with transfusional iron overload: efficacy, safety pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after 6 months of therapy [abstract], Blood, 100, 5a

Sorted by citations

The Retinal Pigment Epithelium in Health and Disease
Sparrrow, J. R., Hicks, D., & Hamel, C. (2010) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/156652410793937813 · Cited by 655
The dynamic nature of Bruch's membrane
Booij, J. C., Baas, D. C., Beisekeeva, J., Gorgels, T. G. M. F., & Bergen, A. A. B. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.003 · Cited by 581
Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases
Kell, D. B. (2009) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2 · Cited by 554
The proteasomal system
Jung, T., Catalgol, B., & Grune, T. (2009) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2009.04.001 · Cited by 401
Incomplete response to Anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD: Exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Mettu, P. S., Allingham, M. J., & Cousins, S. W. (2021) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100906 · Cited by 370

See all 261

Authors: He, X., Hahn, P., Iacovelli, J., Wong, R., King, C., Bhisitkul, R., Massaro-Giordano, M., & Dunaief, J. L.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Dunaief, Joshua L.
ORCID: Hahn, Paul
Bhisitkul, Robert
Dunaief, Joshua L.
Venue: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-11
Volume: 26
Issue: 6
Pages: 649-673
ISSN: 1350-9462 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2007.07.004
PMC: PMC2093950
OpenAlex: W2055021524
Cited by: 260
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Eye Institute (EY 015240, R01EY015240)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
Keywords: iron homeostasis, retinal degeneration, iron toxicity, oxidative stress, hydroxyl radicals, age-related macular degeneration, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, aceruloplasminemia, Friedreich's ataxia, iron chelation, iron overload, glaucoma, cataract, intraocular hemorrhage
MeSH terms: Animals, Biological Transport, Epithelial Cells, Homeostasis, Humans, Iron, Lens, Crystalline, Retina, Retinal Degeneration, Oxidative Stress

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Iron homeostasis and toxicity in retinal degeneration

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks