Thalamic shape and connectivity abnormalities in children with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by widespread structural and functional abnormalities in the cortico-striato-thalmo-cortical (CSTC) loops that subserve attention and executive functions. In this study, we analyzed thalamic shape and its white matter connections using structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data acquired from children with ADHD (n=19) and controls (n=19). Shape morphology of the thalamus was assessed using shape-based analysis, while connectivity between the thalamus and other brain regions was determined using probabilistic diffusion tractography. Shape-based analysis indicated significant regional atrophy in the left thalamus in children with ADHD compared to controls. Group analyses of white matter connectivity measures showed significantly decreased mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and volume of the tracts between thalamus and striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal lobe in children with ADHD compared to controls. The structural abnormalities within the thalamus and the reduced integrity of the white matter tracks between thalamus and other brain regions, as shown from the results of this study, may be the anatomical bases of the impaired cognitive performances in the attention and executive function domains in ADHD.
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Abnormality of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuit is considered a major cause of ADHD symptoms.
“Consistent with our study, the abnormality of CSTC is considered to be the major cause of ADHD symptoms (including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) [53–55].”
From Confound Controlled Multimodal Neuroimaging Data Fusion and Its Application to Developmental Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
The Introduction (section 1; page not supplied) says CSTC disturbances may cause abnormal information processing associated with ADHD, but also says its etiology is unclear. The source therefore supports a possible contribution, not the claim that CSTC abnormality is the major cause of ADHD symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA number of existing cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in patients with cADHD support the role of subcortical structures in the emergence of ADHD by showing that reduction of GM volume in thalamus and striatum, and disruption of WM integrity in the major association and projection tracts, contribute to the etiology of ADHD.
“A number of existing cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in patients with cADHD support the role of subcortical structures in the emergence of ADHD by showing that reduction of GM volume in thalamus and striatum, and disruption of WM integrity in the major association and projection tracts, contribute to the etiology of ADHD (Xia et al., 2012; Cortese et al., 2013; Shaw et al., 2015).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDecreased frontal lobe, cerebellar and striatal volumes, delayed posterior to anterior cortical maturation, and dysfunction of fronto-striatal and thalamo-cortical networks were also demonstrated to be involved in the emergence of ADHD.
“However, decreased frontal lobe, cerebellar and striatal volumes, delayed posterior to anterior cortical maturation, and dysfunction of fronto-striatal and thalamo-cortical networks were also demonstrated to involve in the emergence of ADHD (Bush et al., 2005; Li et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2012; Shaw et al., 2013).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2012
The Introduction discusses fronto-striatal and thalamic circuitry in ADHD, and the Discussion reports thalamic atrophy and disturbed thalamus–striatum connections in children with ADHD. The paper does not establish the claimed frontal, cerebellar, and striatal volume decreases or delayed posterior-to-anterior cortical maturation; it also suggests a possible contribution to ADHD-related deficits rather than demonstrating a cause of ADHD's emergence. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFrontal lobe, thalamus and striatum, key components of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops, have been found to be involved in ADHD pathophysiology.
“Frontal lobe, thalamus and striatum, which are the key components of the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops that subserve attention and cognitive processing, have been found to be involved in ADHD pathophysiology (Bush et al., 2005; Li et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2012; Shaw et al., 2013).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2012
Functional and structural deficits in frontal lobe and thalamus are associated with the emergence of ADHD.
“Studies suggest that functional and structural deficits in frontal lobe and thalamus are associated with the emergence of ADHD (Proal et al., 2011; Xia et al., 2012; Cortese et al., 2013; Shaw et al., 2015);”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Xia et al., 2012
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A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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“…frontal lobe, cerebellar and striatal volumes, delayed posterior to anterior cortical maturation, and dysfunction of fronto-striatal and thalamo-cortical networks were also demonstrated to involve in the emergence of ADHD (Bush et al., 2005; Li et al., 2012; Xia et al., 2012; Shaw et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA review of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from the perspective of brain networks
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“Consistent with our study, the abnormality of CSTC is considered to be the major cause of ADHD symptoms (including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity) [53], [54], [55].”
- Authors
- Xia, S., Li, X., Kimball, A. E., Kelly, M. S., Lesser, I., & Branch, C.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Yeshiva University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Xiaobo
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 204
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 161-167
- ISSN
- 0925-4927 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3518751
- OpenAlex
- W2072580777
- Semantic Scholar
- eea68dcf99de831e48bbc0c15db8d2085939a712
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD071593, P30HD071593)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, thalamus, thalamic atrophy, white matter connectivity, fractional anisotropy, executive function, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Mapping, Child, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Thalamus, Anisotropy, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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