Assessing costs of developing a digital program for training community health workers to deliver treatment for depression: A case study in rural India.

Joshi, Udita; Naslund, John A.; Anand, Aditya; Tugnawat, Deepak; Vishwakarma, Ram; Bhan, Anant; Patel, Vikram; Lu, Chunling

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114299

Cited by 24ICT in Developing CommunitiesMental Health Treatment and AccessGlobal Health Workforce Issues

Assessing costs of developing a digital program for training community health workers to deliver treatment for depression: A case study in rural India.

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Joshi, Udita, Naslund, John A., Anand, Aditya, Tugnawat, Deepak, Vishwakarma, Ram, Bhan, Anant, Patel, Vikram, Lu, Chunling·2022·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114299PMC PMC8730743

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Abstract

Digital technology has emerged as a promising approach for training and building capacity of community health workers in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Little is known about the cost of developing digital training programs in LMICs, which hinders the adoption, implementation, and scaling up of the programs in routine primary care settings. This study assessed the costs of developing a digital program for training community health workers to deliver a psychological treatment for depression in a rural district of Madhya Pradesh, India. We developed survey instruments to document required resources in development, including involved personnel (their roles, responsibilities, time spent, and salaries or payments), information technologies (e.g., smartphones, software programs), and infrastructure-related costs (e.g., vehicle, office space, utilities). Costs were estimated from an accounting perspective. Over a 10-month developmental period, the total costs were 208,814 USD, with the largest portion on human resources (61%, with 14% on management and supervision), followed by information technologies (33%), and infrastructure-related costs (6%). These findings could inform policymakers in LMICs on costs of developing online-training programs, which will be especially useful during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The cost of provision of digital devices and associated software can be calculated, but it remains quite difficult to calculate the costs of designing and delivering whole digital training programmes.
“The cost of the provision of digital devices and associated software can be calculated but it remains quite difficult to calculate the costs of designing and delivering whole digital training programmes (Joshi et al., 2022).”
From The EU Accessibility Act and Web Accessibility Directive and the implications for Digital Teaching and Learning Materials (2022) · cites this paper as Joshi et al., 2022
The Methods (Cost Estimation; page unavailable) describe calculating technology and development costs, and the Discussion says some infrastructure costs were difficult to track. But the study estimates one-time development costs, not delivery costs; the Discussion lists recurring delivery costs without calculating them or saying they are particularly difficult to calculate. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Authors: Joshi, U., Naslund, J. A., Anand, A., Tugnawat, D., Vishwakarma, R., Bhan, A., Patel, V., & Lu, C.
Affiliations: Sangath (IN)
Harvard University (US)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Naslund, John A.
Lu, Chunling
ORCID: Joshi, Udita
Naslund, John A.
Anand, Aditya
Tugnawat, Deepak
Vishwakarma, Ram
Bhan, Anant
Patel, Vikram
Lu, Chunling
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-01
Volume: 307
Pages: 114299
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114299
PMC: PMC8730743
OpenAlex: W3216659237
Cited by: 24
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (U19MH113211)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › ICT in Developing Communities
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Global Health Workforce Issues
Keywords: digital training programs, community health workers, depression treatment, human resource costs, information technology costs, primary care, low- and middle-income countries, rural India, Madhya Pradesh, COVID-19 pandemic, capacity building
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Community Health Workers, Depression, Humans, India, Pandemics

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Assessing costs of developing a digital program for training community health workers to deliver treatment for depression: A case study in rural India.

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