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Cited by 2Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

Integrating choice points into mindfulness training for the dissociative subtype of PTSD: A case report

Open access
To, My Ngoc, Schuman-Olivier, Zev·2024·Psychiatry Research Case Reports
DOI 10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100218PMC PMC11257171
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Abstract

Approximately 15-30 % of individuals diagnosed with PTSD experience high levels of dissociation, a condition categorized in the DSM-V as a dissociative subtype of PTSD (PTSD-D). Despite the rising number of studies supporting mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) for the treatment of PTSD, literature on mindfulness and dissociation remains scarce and discording. While best practices for offering mindfulness for dissociative patients remain unclear, integrating choice points into MBIs may be aligned with trauma-informed principles and effective in countering loss of self-agency associated with trauma. In this article, we present a case study from a larger randomized controlled trial of an individual with PTSD-D who successfully completed an 8-week MBI while displaying active dissociation symptoms throughout the group. Follow-up interviews with stakeholders in the patient's care as well as pre-and post-intervention assessments indicate that the patient had a positive experience with the mindfulness training and improved self-regulation. Analysis of the case study suggests that the mindfulness training may have been safe and effective for this patient due to the integration of choice points throughout the mindfulness training and promotion of structural safety. We expand on this by further discussing six influencing factors that contributed to the outcome of the case study and can serve as a reference for clinicians, researchers, and instructors who wish to offer MBIs safely to patients with PTSD-D.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This case report describes a 36-year-old woman with dissociative subtype PTSD who completed an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention while showing active dissociation, with pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion. The authors attribute her positive experience to integrating choice points and promoting structural safety, and outline six influencing factors for safely offering mindfulness-based interventions to patients with PTSD-D.

Key findings

  • The patient, a 36-year-old female with PTSD-D and childhood trauma, attended Mindfulness Training in Primary Care (MTPC) while displaying dissociative symptoms such as detachment, absorption, blinking, sighing, standing up and down, shaking hands, and seeming unresponsive; she reported MTPC as highly positive and beneficial, and surveys indicated pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion (Table 1).
  • During Sessions 1–4 she experienced dissociative activation, tearfulness, paralysis sensations, and temporary leaving of the room; group leaders responded with grounding techniques, mindful walking, check-ins, and explicit choice points, including permission to sit out practices. She actively participated in Sessions 5–7 and left Session 8 45 min early after a difficult week.
  • The authors identify six influencing factors centered on integrating choice points and promoting structural safety, including a trauma-informed MTPC curriculum and group leaders, person-centered collaboration, strengths-based screening, clinical support and communication, group format with two group leaders and an assistant, and offering MBIs within multimodal treatment.
  • The paper notes that approximately 15–30% of individuals with PTSD have the dissociative subtype, and the case was drawn from the MINDFUL-PC randomized controlled trial (N = 287).

Methods

  • Case report drawn from MINDFUL-PC, a three-phase randomized controlled effectiveness trial (N = 287); participants randomized to the intervention received MTPC, an 8-week mindfulness-based intervention with weekly 2-hour sessions and a day of silent practice, co-led by two MTPC-trained group leaders.
  • Assessments were completed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 24 weeks using the Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF); the authors also conducted three in-depth audio and video-conferencing interviews with the patient’s primary healthcare providers and modified identifying details.
  • Ethical and safety procedures included IRB approval from Cambridge Health Alliance (CHA-IRB-1002/08/14), informed consent, an individualized safety plan with the patient’s therapist, and weekly clinical supervision for group leaders with a clinical director knowledgeable about mindfulness and trauma.

Limitations

  • The paper states that generalizability is limited by the patient’s unique internal attributes (personality, motivation, previous trauma-therapy background) and external conditions (partner support, clinical support, immigration stressors); the patient was not interviewed based on her therapist’s recommendation, so specifics about group relationships, symptom severity, and motives for leaving the room could not be ascertained.
  • The paper also states there was a lack of dissociation measures and absence of the 24-week assessment, limiting estimation of long-term effects; future research is suggested to include dissociation measures and examine whether similar results can be attained and maintained long-term.
  • Evident from the text: this is a single case report, so it cannot establish causality or generalizable efficacy, and the group context included only one member with known active dissociation, which may not reflect other clinical settings.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100218

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

4 of 18 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    Carina's individual survey assessments indicated pre-post improvement in interoception.

    “Her individual survey assessments similarly indicated pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion (See Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
  • Findingown data

    Carina's individual survey assessments indicated pre-post improvement in self-compassion.

    “Her individual survey assessments similarly indicated pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion (See Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
  • Findingown data

    Carina's individual survey assessments indicated pre-post improvement in mindfulness.

    “Her individual survey assessments similarly indicated pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion (See Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
  • Findingown data

    The patient had a positive experience with the mindfulness training.

    “the patient had a positive experience with the mindfulness training”
    • Also stated in: § Intervention course · plain
      “Carina reported that MTPC was a highly positive and beneficial experience for her”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
  • Findingown data

    The patient improved self-regulation.

    “improved self-regulation”
    • Also stated in: § Intervention course · boosted
      “demonstrated enhanced abilities to respond to her symptoms”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • May combine two claims. 22

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Both the MTPC curriculum and Carina's GLs were trauma-informed and conducive to integrating choice points, supporting individual autonomy, and developing skillful responses to trauma-related symptoms.

    “Both the MTPC curriculum and Carina’s GLs were trauma-informed and conducive to integrating choice points, supporting individual autonomy, and developing skillful responses to trauma-related symptoms”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Schuman-Olivier et al., 2020 source

      The Discussion section on trauma-informed training (page unavailable) says such training offers choice, supports individual agency, and responds skillfully to trauma-related effects. It does not establish that the MTPC curriculum or Carina’s GLs had those characteristics, or mention their use of choice points. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Treleaven and Britton, 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Literature on mindfulness and dissociation remains scarce and discordant.

    “literature on mindfulness and dissociation remains scarce and discording”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
      “Literature on mindfulness and dissociation is emergent and conflicting”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Escudero-Pérez et al., 2016 source
    • cites Perona-Garcelán et al., 2014 source
    • cites Levin et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The MTPC curriculum's variety of informal and formal practices, combined with its consistency of regular home practice and repetition of core practices across weeks, helps individuals understand how practice-related difficulties are transient in nature and choose which practices work best for them.

    “The MTPC curriculum’s variety of informal and formal practices, combined with its consistency of regular home practice and repetition of core practices across weeks, helps individuals understand how practice-related difficulties, such as the ones Carina experienced in Weeks 3 and 4, are transient in nature (Lindahl et al., 2017) and choose which practices work best for them.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lindahl et al., 2017 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Strengths-based approaches to screening and eligibility identified factors that influenced Carina's success in MTPC at multiple levels: individual (personality, resourcefulness, motivation, previous exposure to trauma-focused therapy) and social (strong support from partner and ongoing care from clinical team).

    “First, strengths-based approaches to screening and eligibility identified factors that influenced her success in MTPC at multiple levels: individual (personality, resourcefulness, motivation, previous exposure to trauma-focused therapy) and social (strong support from partner and ongoing care from clinical team) (Lindahl et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lindahl et al., 2017 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Carina left Session 8 45 min early.

    “Carina eventually left 45 min early, asking the GL to send gratitude to the other group members.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During Session 1, Carina experienced dissociative symptoms activated by the body scan and became tearful.

    “During Session 1, Carina experienced dissociative symptoms activated by the body scan and became tearful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During one group discussion, Carina shared briefly about having suicidal thoughts; other members expressed mild concern, although Carina maintained calm, denied suicidal intent or plan, and continued to participate fully for the remaining time.

    “During one group discussion, she shared briefly about having suicidal thoughts. Other members expressed mild concern, although Carina maintained calm, denied suicidal intent or plan, and continued to participate fully for the remaining time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Carina endorsed not feeling ostracized by any other group members.

    “Carina further endorsed not feeling ostracized by any other group members”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    If Carina was activated in therapy sessions, she used mindfulness practices to return to the present.

    “If Carina was activated in therapy sessions, she used mindfulness practices to return to the present.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Carina's dissociative symptoms during Sessions 3 and 4 matched common GL observations that those sessions are generally the most difficult for MTPC participants given the focus on encountering unpleasant experiences to decrease experiential avoidance.

    “Carina’s dissociative symptoms during Sessions 3 and 4 matched common GL observations that those sessions are generally the most difficult for MTPC participants given the focus on encountering unpleasant experiences to decrease experiential avoidance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The GLs did not receive any significant concerns regarding Carina's dissociative symptoms, aside from later concern from other group members about her suicidality during one discussion.

    “aside from later concern from other group members about her suicidality during one discussion, the GLs did not receive any significant concerns regarding Carina’s dissociative symptoms”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.
    • Rests on an assumption: The absence of significant concerns reported by group leaders indicates that the mindfulness training was safe for the patient.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Over time, the group leaders learned to tolerate and trust that Carina had a sense of her own limits.

    “Over time, the group leaders learned to tolerate and trust that Carina had a sense of her own limits, noting that “the key was realizing that we don’t have to prescribe every moment.””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Carina actively participated in Sessions 5 through 7 without taking breaks or requiring assistance.

    “Carina actively participated in Sessions 5 through 7 without taking breaks or requiring assistance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The therapist noted Carina was very emotive, but not dissociative, during their sessions.

    “The therapist noted that Carina was very emotive, but not dissociative, during their sessions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    During Session 4, Carina left the group temporarily.

    “During Session 4, Carina left the group temporarily.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Carina was activated by the body scan again during Session 2 and responded by temporarily leaving the room to mindfully walk with a GL in the hallway.

    “Carina was activated by the body scan again during Session 2 and responded by temporarily leaving the room to mindfully walk with a GL in the hallway.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Carina was initially hesitant to join the all-day session, attended with much encouragement from her therapist, and afterwards reported that it was very helpful.

    “Although she was initially hesitant to join the all-day session, she attended with much encouragement from her therapist and afterwards reported that it was very helpful.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Carina attended the first half of Session 8 before explaining to one GL that she had been having a very difficult week and was unable to participate further.

    “Carina attended the first half of Session 8 before explaining to one GL that she had been having a very difficult week and was unable to participate further.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Carina practiced self-care throughout Session 3 but by the end of group was tearful and reporting sensations of paralysis.

    “Carina practiced self-care throughout Session 3 but by the end of group was tearful and reporting sensations of paralysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The mindfulness training may have been safe and effective for this patient due to the integration of choice points throughout the mindfulness training and promotion of structural safety.

    “Analysis of the case study suggests that the mindfulness training may have been safe and effective for this patient due to the integration of choice points throughout the mindfulness training and promotion of structural safety.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.
    • Rests on an assumption: The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.
    • Rests on an assumption: The absence of significant concerns reported by group leaders indicates that the mindfulness training was safe for the patient.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MTPC repeatedly demonstrated effectiveness in improving emotion-regulation, enhancing interoceptive awareness, and helping catalyze health behavior change, especially among people with diagnosed PTSD.

    “MTPC to be effective in improving emotion-regulation, enhancing interoceptive awareness, and helping catalyze health behavior change, especially among people with diagnosed PTSD”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Datko et al., 2022 source
    • cites Gawande et al., 2023 source
    • cites Gawande et al., 2019a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Best practices for offering mindfulness for dissociative patients remain unclear.

    “While best practices for offering mindfulness for dissociative patients remain unclear”
    • Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
      “Though optimal ways to apply mindfulness for therapeutic change are still unknown (Lang, 2017)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lang, 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The GLs raised choice point awareness by following a person-centered approach; they collaborated with Carina to assess her needs, understand her present-moment experience, and respect her decisions.

    “The GLs further raised choice point awareness by following a person-centered approach; they collaborated with Carina to assess her needs, understand her present-moment experience, and respect her decisions”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lindahl et al., 2019 source
    • cites Rashed, 2010

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Integrating choice points into MBIs may be aligned with trauma-informed principles and effective in countering loss of self-agency associated with trauma.

    “integrating choice points into MBIs may be aligned with trauma-informed principles and effective in countering loss of self-agency associated with trauma”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Harris, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Alkoby et al., 2019 source
    • cites Kolk, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Structural safety was promoted through having broader clinical support systems of regular GL supervision from the MINDFUL-PC clinical director and strong communication lines between care providers within the same community hospital network which enabled Carina to synchronously discuss group events with her therapist.

    “Structural safety was promoted through having broader clinical support systems of regular GL supervision from the MINDFUL-PC clinical director and strong communication lines between care providers within the same community hospital network which enabled Carina to synchronously discuss group events with her therapist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The group format enhanced structural safety: having two GLs enabled one to remain with the group if the other needed to speak with Carina individually; having at least one skilled assistant who could manage logistics and provide ad-hoc patient support allowed the GLs to focus their attention on the group; and having just one group member with known active dissociation avoided situations when GLs w

    “The group format also enhanced structural safety: having two GLs enabled one to remain with the group if the other needed to speak with Carina individually; having at least one skilled assistant who could manage logistics and provide ad-hoc patient support allowed the GLs to focus their attention on the group; and having just one group member with known active dissociation avoided situations when”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Carina was not interviewed based on her therapist's recommendation that initiating contact might be harmful given the lapse since treatment ended, so we cannot ascertain specifics about her relationship with other group members, her symptom severity, or her motives when leaving the room.

    “Furthermore, Carina was not interviewed based on her therapist’s recommendation that initiating contact might be harmful given the lapse since treatment ended, so we cannot ascertain specifics about her relationship with other group members, her symptom severity, or her motives when leaving the room (driven by a dissociative state, not wanting to disturb others, or another reason).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    As insight developed, Carina could redefine safety and progress by choosing the meaning she gained from her symptoms, perhaps learning over time that wellness is not an absence of symptoms but an absence of struggle with the symptoms.

    “As this insight developed, she could redefine safety and progress by choosing the meaning she gained from her symptoms, perhaps learning over time that wellness is not an absence of symptoms but an absence of struggle with the symptoms (Lang, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lang, 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Lack of dissociation measures and absence of her 24-week assessment limits estimation of the long-term effects of MTPC.

    “Along with the lack of dissociation measures, absence of her 24-week assessment also limits estimation of the long-term effects of MTPC.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Integrating a choice point model and promoting structural safety within MBI adaptation processes and development can offer a framework to provide person-centered, trauma-informed guidance without the need to ascribe what safety and progress should look like for each individual.

    “Overall, integrating a choice point model and promoting structural safety within MBI adaptation processes and development can offer a framework to provide person-centered, trauma-informed guidance without the need to ascribe what safety and progress should look like for each individual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The welcoming and supportive group may have also served as a container for Carina as she dissociated at times during guided exercises.

    “The welcoming and supportive group may have also served as a container for Carina as she dissociated at times during guided exercises.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
31 of 31

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The patient's self-reported experience and survey responses are valid indicators of her actual experience and functioning.

    “Carina reported that MTPC was a highly positive and beneficial experience for her”
    “Her individual survey assessments similarly indicated pre-post improvements in mindfulness, interoception, emotional regulation, and self-compassion (See Table 1).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The therapist's and group leaders' observations accurately reflect the patient's symptoms and behavior.

    “The therapist noted that Carina was very emotive, but not dissociative, during their sessions.”
    “the GLs did not receive any significant concerns regarding Carina’s dissociative symptoms”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The absence of significant concerns reported by group leaders indicates that the mindfulness training was safe for the patient.

    “aside from later concern from other group members about her suicidality during one discussion, the GLs did not receive any significant concerns regarding Carina’s dissociative symptoms”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The therapist's assessment that the patient could tolerate MTPC mindfulness practices and participate in a group therapeutic setting was accurate.

    “her therapist’s assessment that she could tolerate MTPC mindfulness practices and participate in a group therapeutic setting”
4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Boyd, 2017, Mindfulness-based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of the treatment literature and neurobiological evidence, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 42
  2. Schiavone, 2018, The dissociative subtype of PTSD: an update of the literature, PTSD Res. Q., 29, 1

Cited by

Still being checked.

Related

Authors
To, M. N., & Schuman-Olivier, Z.
Affiliations
Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
Corresponding author
To, My Ngoc
ORCID
Venue
Psychiatry Research Case Reports
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2024-06
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
100218
ISSN
2773-0212 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.psycr.2024.100218
PMC
PMC11257171
OpenAlex
W4392620423
Cited by
2
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1
FWCI
0.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Psychiatry Research Case Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Arthur Vining Davis Foundations
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (UH2AT009145)
  • Arnold P. Gold Foundation
  • Cambridge Health Alliance
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords
dissociative subtype of PTSD, dissociation, mindfulness-based interventions, choice points, self-agency, self-regulation, trauma-informed care, structural safety

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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