Stress response and the adolescent transition: performance versus peer rejection stressors
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Little is known about normative variation in stress response over the adolescent transition. This study examined neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to performance and peer rejection stressors over the adolescent transition in a normative sample. Participants were 82 healthy children (ages 7–12 years, n = 39, 22 females) and adolescents (ages 13–17, n = 43, 20 females) recruited through community postings. Following a habituation session, participants completed a performance (public speaking, mental arithmetic, mirror tracing) or peer rejection (exclusion challenges) stress session. Salivary cortisol, salivary alpha amylase (sAA), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and heart rate were measured throughout. Adolescents showed significantly greater cortisol, sAA, SBP, and DBP stress response relative to children. Developmental differences were most pronounced in the performance stress session for cortisol and DBP and in the peer rejection session for sAA and SBP. Heightened physiological stress responses in typical adolescents may facilitate adaptation to new challenges of adolescence and adulthood. In high-risk adolescents, this normative shift may tip the balance toward stress response dysregulation associated with depression and other psychopathology. Specificity of physiological response by stressor type highlights the importance of a multisystem approach to the psychobiology of stress and may also have implications for understanding trajectories to psychopathology.
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Adolescents show increased physiological responses to stressors, increased prefrontal brain activation during social evaluation, and increased difficulty implementing cognitive control in emotionally evocative events.
“Research confirms that adolescents experience increased physiological responses to stressors (Stroud et al. 2009), increased prefrontal brain activation during social evaluation (Somerville 2013), and increased difficulty implementing cognitive control skills in the context of emotionally evocative events (Cohen et al. 2016, Somerville et al. 2011).”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Stroud et al. 2009
Pubertal changes in physiological stress responses are not mirrored by differences in affective responses to stressors.
“the changes in physiological responses to stressors observed by Stroud et al (2009) during the pubertal transition “were not mirrored by differences in affective responses to the stressors””
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
ANS-associated somatic signs may not be as strongly linked to emotional expression or to optimizing risky decision-making during development as in adulthood.
“a number of studies have hinted to the provocative possibility that ANS-associated somatic signs may not be as strongly linked to emotional expression (e.g., Quas et al, 2000; Stroud et al, 2009) or to optimizing risky decision-making (e.g., Crone & van der Molen, 2007) during development as in adulthood.”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
Stroud et al. (2009) found that changes in physiological responses to stressors during puberty were not mirrored by differences in affective responses.
“the changes in physiological responses to stressors observed by Stroud et al (2009) during the pubertal transition “were not mirrored by differences in affective responses to the stressors” (p.62).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Stroud et al, 2009
Adolescents are prone to intensified emotional and stress responses to peer evaluation.
“and are prone to intensified emotional and stress responses to peer evaluation (15–18).”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [18]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Stroud, L. R., Foster, E., Papandonatos, G. D., Handwerger, K., Granger, D. A., Kivlighan, K. T., & Niaura, R.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Tufts University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stroud, Laura R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-68
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- PMC
- PMC2700625
- OpenAlex
- W2124408454
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 12.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH65443, K23MH065443)
- National Cancer Institute (P50 CA84719, P50CA084719)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- adolescent transition, stress response, peer rejection, salivary cortisol, salivary amylase, blood pressure, heart rate, neuroendocrine stress response, cardiovascular stress response, developmental differences, stress response dysregulation, depression risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Affect, Blood Pressure, Child, Psychology, Child, Emotions, Ethnicity, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Mathematics, Peer Group, Puberty, Speech, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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