Cortisol and α-Amylase Secretion Patterns between and within Depressed and Non-Depressed Individuals
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Associations between biological stress markers and depression are inconsistent across studies. We assessed whether inter- and intra-individual variability explain these inconsistencies. METHODS: Pair-matched depressed and non-depressed participants (N = 30) collected saliva thrice a day for 30 days, resulting in 90 measurements per individual. The relationships between measures of stress-system function and depression were examined at the group level by means of mixed model analyses, and at the individual level by means of pair-matched comparisons. The analyses were repeated after adjusting for time-varying lifestyle factors by means of time-series regression analyses. RESULTS: Cortisol and α-amylase levels were higher, the α-amylase/cortisol ratio larger, and the daily cortisol slope steeper in the depressed compared to the non-depressed group. Adjusting for lifestyle factors and antidepressant use reduced the associations under study. In 40%-60% of the matched comparisons, depressed individuals had higher cortisol and α-amylase levels, a larger α-amylase/cortisol ratio, and a steeper daily slope than their non-depressed match, regardless of adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Our group-level findings were mostly in line with the literature but generalization to individuals appeared troublesome. Findings of studies on this topic should be interpreted with care, because in clinical practice the focus is on individuals instead of groups.
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Booij et al. identified higher cortisol and α-amylase levels among depressed individuals.
“Booij et al. identified higher cortisol and α-amylase levels among depressed individuals [36].”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
The remaining five of the seven studies collecting physiological measures investigated associations of depressive symptoms with sleep/wake cycles and physical activity using actimetry sensors.
“The remaining five articles investigated the association of depressive symptoms with sleep/wake cycles [32,33,36] and physical activity [37,38] using actimetry sensors.”
From Current state and future directions of technology-based ecological momentary assessment and intervention for major depressive disorder: a systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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Self-citationThe temporal dynamics of cortisol and affective states in depressed and non-depressed individuals
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BackgroundInfluentialHow to assess stress biomarkers for idiographic research?
van Ockenburg, S. L., Booij, S. H., Riese, H., Rosmalen, J. G. M., & Janssens, K. A. M. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.002 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Especially for stress biomarkers, which are normally infl uenced by many factors, larger numbers than 30 are recommended, such as the 63 samples used in the study of Schubert et al. (2012) or the 90 samples in the study of Bouwmans et al. (2014) and Booij et al. (2015).”
InfluentialSelf-citationAguilar‐Raab, C., Jarczok, M. N., Warth, M., Stoffel, M., Winter, F., Tieck, M., Berg, J., Negi, L. T., Harrison, T., Pace, T. W. W., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020448 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“While some authors have raised issues about the validity of sAA as a biomarker of SAM activation,(29) others highlight the potential of sAA to monitor SAM along with HPA activity in saliva (instead of in blood).(18) 19 30 Previous research investigating the involvement of the parasympathetic branch of the ANS in the p…”
Backgroundvan der Stouwe, E. C. D., Groenewold, N. A., Bos, E. H., de Jonge, P., Wichers, M., & Booij, S. H. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.040 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Non-invasive monitoring of stress biomarkers in the newborn period
Peña‐Bautista, C., Escrig, R., Lara‐Cantón, I., García‐Blanco, A., Cháfer‐Pericás, C., & Vento, M. (2019) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2019.04.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Huang, L.-Y., Liao, W.-L., & Chou, P. (2019) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2019/2749296 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Cortisol dynamics in depression: Application of a continuous-time process model.
Booij, S., Wigman, J., Jacobs, N., Thiery, E., Derom, C., Wichers, M., & Oravecz, Z. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104598 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The second sample consisted of depressed and pair-matched non-depressed individuals of both genders (therefore referred to as ‘pair-matched sample’), who sampled saliva three times a day for thirty days (Booij et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIvanova, I. A., Danilenko, K. V., & Aftanas, L. I. (2016) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000477248 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Kan, Y.-C., Duan, H.-J., Chen, X., Wang, X.-W., Xue, W., & Hu, W.-P. (2019) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2019.102796 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Danilenko, K. V., Кобелев, Е., Zhanaeva, S. Y., & Aftanas, L. I. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113549 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Dabbah‐Assadi, F., Handel, R., & Shamir, A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.032 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Aguilar‐Raab, C., Winter, F., Warth, M., Stoffel, M., Moessner, M., Hernández, C., Pace, T. W. W., Harrison, T., Negi, L. T., Jarczok, M. N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.136 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Warth, M., Stoffel, M., Winter, F., Jarczok, M. N., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Ditzen, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00701 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kinney, K. L., Rao, U., Bailey, B., Hellman, N. M., Kelly, C. A., McAfee, N. W., & Morris, M. C. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004050 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Acute stress reduces the emotional attentional blink: Evidence from human electrophysiology
Kan, Y., Wang, X., Chen, X., Zhao, H., Lan, J., & Duan, H. (2020) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-020-00847-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“All participants were prescreened with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to avoid the influence of trait factors on experimental results (Booij et al., 2015; Vreeburg et al. 2009).”
MethodThe Correlation of Sexual Dysfunction with Prenatal Stress and Quality of Life: A Path Analysis
Alidost, F., Dolatian, M., Shams, J., Nasiri, M., & Sarkhoshpour, E. (2017) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.55686 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Vameghi, R., Akbari, S. A. A., Sajjadi, H., Sajedi, F., & Majd, H. A. (2017) · International Journal of Women s Health and Reproduction Sciences · doi:10.15296/ijwhr.2018.47 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“loss of appetite, reduced sexual activity, and increased levels of depression, anxiety, and irritability (63,64).”
BackgroundKoning, A.-S. C. A. M., Booij, S. H., Meijer, O. C., Riese, H., & Giltay, E. J. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106394 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Use of anti-depressant medication was allowed, despite their assumed influence on psychobiological stress systems (Mason and Par-iante, 2006) (see https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131002.s002 in (Booij et al., 2015), for an overview of medication/therapy use).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationDirect sunlight exposure reduces hair cortisol levels in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Feng, X., Che, H.-L., Xi-Ning, Ba, X.-Y., Li, J., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Hu, Z., Hu, X., & Ren, X. (2019) · 动物学研究 · doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.064 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The rate of depression is higher among patients with hypercortisolism (Maripuu et al., 2014), and the cumulative level of cortisol is abnormal in 40%–60% of depression sufferers (Booij et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTajima, T., Ikeda, A., Steptoe, A., Takahashi, K., Maruyama, K., Tomooka, K., Saito, I., & Tanigawa, T. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-00963-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It has been studied in various populations, including healthy populations [44, 45], occupational field populations [46, 47], patients [15, 48, 49], and students [50].”
BackgroundSultan, A., Pati, A. K., Chaudhary, V., & Parganiha, A. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2017.1410016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Several stress-related studies have identified sAA as a better responsive measure of stress than cortisol (Maruyama et al. 2012; Booij et al. 2015; Valentin et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEstimating Group Stress Level by Measuring Body Motion
Tsuji, S., Sato, N., Ara, K., & Yano, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.634722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In addition, methods of measuring human stress by using physiological indicators such as saliva and blood are already known (Booij et al., 2015; Ogino et al., 2017).”
MethodZapata, I., Farrell, J., Morrell, S., Ryznar, R. J., Hoang, T. N., & LaPorta, A. J. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Additionally, their non-invasive collection method [37] and accurate representation of stress [1,7,12] make them a reliable overview of the stress response.”
BackgroundPersonalized advice for enhancing well-being using automated impulse response analysis --- AIRAPreprint
Blaauw, F. J., van der Krieke, L., Emerencia, A. C., Aiello, M., & de Jonge, P. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1706.09268 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In an electronic diary study performed by Booij et al. participants received a post-hoc personal report on their daily activity and mood patterns [27].”
MethodYamane, N., Ikeda, A., Tomooka, K., Saito, I., Maruyama, K., Eguchi, E., Suyama, K., Fujii, A., Shiba, T., Tanaka, K., et al. (2022) · The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2022.51 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“This is because sAA can reflect exposure to not only acute but also chronic psychological stress, and is stable in collected saliva samples (32).”
BackgroundHADD: High-Accuracy Detection of Depressed Mood
Liu, Y., Kang, K., & Doe, M. J. (2022) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies10060123 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The HPA and SAM axis mediate the impairment of creativity under stress
Guo, X., Wang, Y., Kan, Y., Wu, M., Ball, L. J., & Duan, H. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14472 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rasing, N., Janus, S. I. M., Kreutz, G., Sveinsdóttir, V. Ó., Gold, C., Nater, U. M., & Zuidema, S. U. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12040485 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Another recommendation to better understand interactions is to include different types of biomarkers and multiple data collection time-points [15,16].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLim, P., Nambiar, S., Muhardi, L., Kader, U. H. A., Garssen, J., & Sandalova, E. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/3687416 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schenk, H., van Ockenburg, S. L., Nawijn, M. C., de Jonge, P., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221993 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Şemsi, R., Kökbaş, U., Arslan, B., Ergünol, E., Kayrın, L., & Dinçel, A. S. (2021) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-021-03676-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Association of Lifestyle and Mood with Long-Term Levels of Cortisol: A Systematic Review
Jia, R., Carlisle, S., & Vedhara, K. (2022) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2022.2036487 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Two studies examined the association between cortisol measured in saliva over 1 month and depression, one of which found that cortisol in saliva was higher and the daily cortisol slope steeper in the depressed participants compared to the non-depressed ones (Booij et al., 2015).”
BackgroundChakraborty, S., Naskar, T. K., & Basu, B. R. (2024) · F&S Science · doi:10.1016/j.xfss.2024.06.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The effect of an internet-based intervention for depression on cortisol and alpha-amylase
Laufer, S., Schulze, L., Engel, S., Klusmann, H., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2023) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106082 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Oliveira, N. C., de Oliveira, T. C., Klamas, V. C., Ventura, M. A., Kamei, A. A., Naka, J. Y., Brancher, J. A., & de Lima, A. A. S. (2020) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i2.7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lorenzo-Tejedor, M., de la Cámara, C., López‐Antón, R., Bailón, R., Aguiló, J., & Bernal, M. L. (2015) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632015000400004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Akbari, S. A. A., Vameghi, R., Sajedi, F., Sajjadi, H., Majd, H. A., & Hajighasemali, S. (2016) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nagayama, D. (2022) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-022-00996-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Secretion of alpha-amylase from the salivary glands is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, and the activity is useful as a surrogate marker for quantifying psychological stress [2].”
BackgroundLaufer, S., Bohn, J., Engel, S., Klusmann, H., Skoluda, N., Nater, U. M., Knaevelsrud, C., & Schumacher, S. (2025) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2025.100314 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tomisawa, T., Horie, K., In, N., Nanashima, N., Takamagi, S., & Mikami, K. (2025) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2025.2493141 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“On the other hand, there are also several reports regarding the relationship between chronic stress and sAA (Booij et al., 2015; Cozma S et al., 2017).”
Rawn, K. P., Keller, P. S., Bi, S., & Schoenberg, N. E. (2021) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2021.1921653 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alpha-amylase reactivity and recovery patterns in anhedonic young adults performing a tandem skydive
Vrijen, C., van Roekel, E., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204556 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“9 U/mL for non-depressed individuals [44].”
Self-citationSee, R., Eusebio, B., Agnew, D., & Heatwole, M. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barutçu, Ö., & Yıldız, S. (2024) · Namık Kemal Tıp Dergisi · doi:10.4274/nkmj.galenos.2024.02418 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sha, L., Xiang, R., Yu, T., Zhou, J., Han, T., Zhong, Y., Deng, Q., Hou, J., Yang, B., Li, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121280 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shahyad, S., Mohammadzadegan, R., Saadat, S. H., Hatef, B., Jahromi, G. P., & Hassanvandi, S. (2025) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-025-09690-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“While both are biomarkers, they represent unique and complementary components of the stress mechanism (Booij et al., 2015; Galante et al., 2023; Shahyad et al., 2024).”
Tanra, A. J., Madeali, H., Sanusi, M., Syamsuddin, S., & Lisal, S. T. (2021) · Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.6347 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessing REM Sleep as a Biomarker for Depression Using Consumer Wearables
Stretea, R., Milhem, Z., Fîntînari, V., Crișan, C. A., Stan, A., Petreuș, D., & Micluția, I. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15192498 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Elevated cortisol levels have been linked to mechanisms involved in depressive pathophysiology [13], blood levels of pro-inflammatory markers are consistently higher in depression and partially normalize with effective treatment [14], and peripheral BDNF is typically reduced in acute depressive…”
Horie, K., Nanashima, N., In, N., & Tomisawa, T. (2025) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-025-07505-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Several reports have also addressed the relationship between chronic stress and sAA [16, 17].”
Stress, Well-Being, and Reproduction in Wildlife
Edwards, K. L., Brown, J. L., Edes, A. N., & Hunt, K. E. (2026) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87707-0_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wearable Technology for Depression Assessment: A Scoping Review of Datasets
Tlachac, M., Elsbree, H. K., & Heinz, M. V. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2026.3704930
“…other datasets with abbreviated names are NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) [40], MOOVD (Mood and movement in daily life) [64], DEMONS (DEpression MONitoring Study) [69], NESDA-EMAA (Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety - Ecological Momentary Assessment and…”
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“Few studies that examined sAA level in relation to depressive symptoms show a tendency toward increased sAA level in depressed versus nondepressed group [10], [11], [12].”
BackgroundBera, P., & Banerjee*, S. (2023) · Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.18231/j.pjms.2023.053 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Effect of Phaseolus vulgaris on Animal Models
Munawwar, R., Sarfaraz, S. A., Ikram, R., Zehra, T., Anser, H., & Ali, H. (2024) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2024/5710969 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Tis inhibition of alpha-amylase reduces the HPA axis’s functioning, resulting in decreased corticosterone levels [36].”
BackgroundZhang, N., Jin, L., Dong, Z., Hu, Y., Zhong, Z., Gong, Q., & Kuang, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1362612 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Using Local Linear Models to Capture Dynamic Interactions Between Cortisol
Toonen, R. B., Wardenaar, K. J., Booij, S. H., Bos, E. H., & de Jonge, P. (2016) · Journal for Person-Oriented Research · doi:10.17505/jpor.2016.14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“By taking this approach, the highly dynamic nature of cortisol, depression and their causal relationship over time is neglected (e.g. Booij et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe key study of the integration between smartphone NFC technology and ERP system
Zhou, C., Zhou, T., & Bai, W. (2018) · International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analytics (ICCCBDA) · doi:10.1109/icccbda.2018.8386567 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Dynamics of the human stress system in depression
Booij, S. H. (2015) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4379.7520
Self-citationAffect and physical health: Studies on the link between affect and physiological processes
Schenk, M. R. (2017) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)
Kan, Y., Duan, H., Wang, Z., Wang, Y., Liu, S., & Lan, J. (2023) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218231159654
“However, 2 weeks before the first experiment, the subjects completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) through an online scale collection platform to avoid the possible impact of known trait factors (Booij et al., 2015; Vreeburg et al., 2010).”
MethodEstresse durante o trabalho de parto espontâneo e induzido: estudo prospectivo preditivo
Pitilin, É. D. B., Gasparin, V. A., Sbardelotto, T., da Conceição, V. M., de Castro, B. S., Soresina, L. J., & Schirmer, J. (2024) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.rmrp.2024.212338
Acute psychological stress promotes implicit aggression: Evidence from behavior and ERPs
Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Jia, Y., Duan, Y., Liu, M., Xu, Q., Jia, L., & Wu, L. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01276-2
“All participants were pre-screened using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II); depressed individuals had levels of higher cortisol and α-amylase (Booij et al., 2015).”
Shen, W., Li, Z., Tao, Y., Zhou, H., Wu, H., Shi, H., Huang, F., & Wu, X. (2025) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128369486250519021344
ŞANAL, A., Kurtoğlu, A., Daşkesen, S. S., & Aldhahi, M. I. (2026) · Life · doi:10.3390/life16101704
“The final sample comprised 34 athletes and yielded three clusters of unequal sizes (n = 5, 9, and 20) [35,36].”
- Authors
- Booij, S. H., Bos, E. H., Bouwmans, M. E. J., van Faassen, M., Kema, I. P., Oldehinkel, A. J., & de Jonge, P.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Booij, Sanne H.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-07-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e0131002
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4492984
- OpenAlex
- W1830668861
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 4.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- ZonMw (91812607)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (91812607;)
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- depression, cortisol, alpha-amylase, stress biomarkers, diurnal cortisol slope, within-person variability, between-person variation, antidepressant use, lifestyle factors, salivary biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Affect, alpha-Amylases, Antidepressive Agents, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Life Style, Male, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Saliva, Secretory Rate, Stress, Physiological, Matched-Pair Analysis, Young Adult, Actigraphy
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