Development of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC‐ASD)
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Many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high levels of anxiety. A widely used measure for typically developing children is the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). However, such anxiety measures may require adaptation to accommodate characteristics of those with ASD. An adapted version of the RCADS was created based on empirical evidence of anxiety phenomenology in ASD, which included additional items related to sensory anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and phobias. Content validity was refined during focus groups with parents. Polychoric factor analysis was undertaken on data from 170 children with ASD, aged 8‐16, and their parents. This process resulted in the creation of a new 24 item scale (self and parent report) each with four subscales: Performance Anxiety, Uncertainty, Anxious Arousal, and Separation Anxiety, with evidence of good reliability and validity. The freely available Anxiety Scale for Children ‐ ASD, Parent and Child versions (ASC‐ASD) has promising psychometric properties including good internal consistency, validity, and 1 month test–retest reliability. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1205–1215 . © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Rodgers et al. developed and validated a child self-report and parent-report measure of anxiety for children with ASD (the ASC-ASD).
“Rodgers et al. [31] developed and validated a child self-report and parent-report measure of anxiety for children with ASD (the ASC-ASD).”
Using factor analytic techniques, Rodgers identified four reliable anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale.
“Using factor analytic techniques, Rodgers identified four reliable anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale.”
The ASC-ASD child version has 1 month test-retest reliability (r = 0.82, ICC = 0.82).
“r = 0.82, ICC = 0.82 for child) [31].”
The Anxiety Scale for Children - ASD (ASC-ASD) parent and child versions have demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.85-0.91).
“have demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency (α = 0.85–0.91)”
The ASC-ASD parent and child versions have demonstrated validity with measures (including sensory processing hypersensitivity, repetitive behaviours, depression, and anxiety).
“validity with measures (including sensory processing hypersensitivity, repetitive behaviours, depression, and anxiety)”
The ASC-ASD parent version has 1 month test-retest reliability (r = 0.84, ICC = 0.84).
“1 month test–retest reliability (r = 0.84, ICC = 0.84 for parent”
Sensory-based anxiety is a critical subscale, along with difficulty with uncertainty and performance anxiety, in a modified anxiety questionnaire for ASD children.
“Sensory-based anxiety is a critical subscale along with subscales for difficulty with uncertainty and performance anxiety.”
From Sensory, emotional and cognitive contributions to anxiety in autism spectrum disorders (2017) · cites this paper as Rodgers et al., 2016b
Rodgers et al. (2016b) identified four valid anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale.
“Using factor analytic techniques, the study identified four valid anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale.”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Rodgers et al. 2016b
Rodgers et al. (2016b) developed and validated a child self and parent report measure of anxiety for autistic young people (the ASC-ASD).
“Rodgers et al. (2016b) developed and validated a child self and parent report measure of anxiety for autistic young people (the ASC-ASD).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Rodgers et al. 2016b
Rodgers et al. (2016) identified four valid anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale, in the ASC-ASD.
“Rodgers et al. (2016) in a study of the development and initial validation of a self and parent report measure of anxiety for youth with ASD (the ASC-ASD) using factor analytic techniques identified four valid anxiety subscales, including an uncertainty scale.”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Development of the Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) Programme. (2017) · cites this paper as Rodgers et al. (2016)
Instruments that are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed.
“Thus, instruments that are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Rodgers et al., 2016
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“…are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed (see Kerns et al., 2014, 2017; Rodgers et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPriorities for Advancing Research on Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Anxiety
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Anxiety and ASD: Current Progress and Ongoing Challenges
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“There was no between-groups difference for either sound: Sound1 [F(2, 92) = 0.”
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Self-citationThe neurobiological presentation of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
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- Authors
- Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rodgers, Jacqui
- Venue
- Autism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-02-17
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1205-1215
- ISSN
- 1939-3792 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-3806
- OpenAlex
- W2279437985
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 14.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
- Funders
- Autism Speaks (2780‐5353)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale, scale adaptation, intolerance of uncertainty, phobia, performance anxiety, separation anxiety, anxious arousal, parent report, self-report, psychometric properties, children
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results
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