Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
We assessed anxiety consistent (i.e., "traditional") and inconsistent (i.e., "atypical") with diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM) definitions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Differential relationships between traditional anxiety, atypical anxiety, child characteristics, anxiety predictors and ASD-symptomology were explored. Fifty-nine participants (7-17 years, M(age) = 10.48 years; IQ > 60) with ASD and parents completed semi-structured interviews, self- and parent-reports. Seventeen percent of youth presented with traditional anxiety, 15 % with atypical anxiety, and 31 % with both. Language ability, anxious cognitions and hypersensitivity predicted traditional anxiety, whereas traditional anxiety and ASD symptoms predicted atypical anxiety. Findings suggest youth with ASD express anxiety in ways similar and dissimilar to DSM definitions. Similarities support the presence of comorbid anxiety disorders in ASD. Whether dissimilarities are unique to ASD requires further examination.
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Instruments that are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed.
“Thus, instruments that are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Kerns et al., 2014
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnxiety occurs in an estimated 50% of autistic children.
“occurring in an estimated 50% of children [17]”
From Autistic Cognition: Charting Routes to Anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
The Discussion reports traditional anxiety disorders in 48% of this study’s autistic youth, close to the claimed 50%. But the Introduction gives approximately 40% as the estimate across studies, so the study-specific finding does not establish a 50% estimate for autistic children generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKerns et al. (2014) report that fears associated with uncertainty may be an important mechanism in the development and maintenance of anxiety in ASD.
“Kerns et al. (2014) in a discussion of the differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders in autism report that fears associated with uncertainty may be an important mechanism in the development and maintenance of anxiety in ASD.”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Development of the Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) Programme. (2017) · cites this paper as Kerns et al. (2014)
The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports impairing fears of change and novelty in youth with ASD and suggests distinct mechanisms for traditional and atypical anxiety. It does not identify fear of uncertainty as a mechanism in the development and maintenance of anxiety; that causal and longitudinal part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStandardised clinical tools may furthermore not be sensitive to autism-specific expressions of anxiety.
“which may furthermore not be sensitive to autism-specific expressions of anxiety (Kerns et al., 2014)”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Kerns et al., 2014
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Amygdala Volume Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder Are Related to Anxiety
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The Differential Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders in Cognitively-Able Youth With Autism
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Self-citationPerceived misdiagnosis of psychiatric conditions in autistic adults
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Brief measures of anxiety in non-treatment-seeking youth with autism spectrum disorder
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“…are currently widely used in clinical settings to screen for anxiety disorders in the general adult population can probably be considered valid also for autistic adults, with the caveat that autism-specific presentations of anxiety may be missed (see Kerns et al., 2014, 2017; Rodgers et al., 2016).”
BackgroundComparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD
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Anxiety and intellectual functioning in autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Exploring the nature of anxiety in young adults on the autism spectrum: A qualitative study
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Emotional Expressivity in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
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The Treatment of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder (TAASD) Study: Rationale, Design and Methods
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Anxiety and ASD: Current Progress and Ongoing Challenges
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Sensory Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Influence Anxiety in Autistic Adults
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Autism and Anxiety: Overlap, Similarities, and Differences
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The pupil: a window on social automatic processing in autism spectrum disorder children
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Phenomenology and Presentation of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“While some autistic individuals manifest anxiety in ways typical of other anxious people, there are also unexpected expressions of anxiety in autism that may go overlooked, such as different underlying drives toward compulsive behavior or social avoidance than typically seen in anxiety (9).”
Background
- Authors
- Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Berry, L., Souders, M. C., Franklin, M. E., Schultz, R. T., Miller, J., & Herrington, J.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Temple University (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kerns, Connor Morrow
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2014-06-06
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2851-2861
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC5441227
- OpenAlex
- W2073231072
- Cited by
- 405
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 12.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH086438, RC1MH088791, R01MH059087, MH063747, R01MH063747, MH086438, RC1 MH08879, U01MH063747)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, DSM diagnostic criteria, comorbid anxiety disorders, sensory hypersensitivity, language skills, youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Parents, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Symptom Assessment
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