Brief Report: Inter-Relationship between Emotion Regulation, Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety, and Depression in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the inter-relationship between emotion regulation (ER), intolerance of uncertainty (IU), and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Sixty-one individuals aged 14-24 years (M age = 18.19; SD age = 2.19) completed the ER Questionnaire, IU Scale-12, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Dimensional Anxiety Scales, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Autism-Spectrum Quotient-Short. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted. Results indicated all key variables were associated with each other and IU mediated the relationships between ER and symptoms of anxiety and of depression. Findings have implications for the design of future interventions targeting affective disorders in ASD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Existing research identifies alexithymia, emotion regulation difficulties, intolerance of uncertainty, and sensory processing differences as some of the most significant contributors to anxiety in autism.
“Existing research has identified alexithymia (ALX), emotion regulation difficulties, intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and sensory processing differences as some of the most significant contributors to anxiety in autism (Cai et al., 2018; Glod, 2017; Lidstone et al., 2014; Maisel et al., 2016; Pickard et al., 2020; South & Rodgers, 2017; Wigham et al., 2015).”
From Examining a model of anxiety in autistic adults (2024) · cites this paper as Cai et al., 2018
Cai et al. (2018) found that intolerance of uncertainty fully mediated the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties and anxiety in autistic adolescents and young adults.
“and Cai et al. (2018) found that IU fully mediated the relationship between ER difficulties and anxiety in autistic adolescents and young adults.”
From Examining a model of anxiety in autistic adults (2024) · cites this paper as Cai et al. (2018)
The finding of a large direct effect of IU on depression symptoms in autistic young people was in keeping with previous research.
“The finding of a large, direct effect of IU on depression symptoms in autistic young people was in keeping with previous research in this area (Cai et al., 2018; Hollocks et al., 2014).”
From Investigating the Effects of Transdiagnostic Processes on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Autistic Young People: the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. (2025) · cites this paper as Cai et al., 2018
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · cited 15× · see citing works
“2012; Beesdo-Baum and Knappe 2012); and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916 · see citing works
Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review
Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004 · Cited by 6,686 · see citing works
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The AQ-Short is a 28-item abbreviated version of the full 50-item AQ screening questionnaire (Baron-Cohen et al. 2001) relating to behaviours associated with ASD.”
Handbook of emotion regulation
Gross, J. (2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.52-1127 · Cited by 3,280 · see citing works
Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?
Paus, T., Keshavan, M., & Giedd, J. N. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2513 · Cited by 3,123 · see citing works
McLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., Litz, B. T., & Hofmann, S. G. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006 · Cited by 2,519 · see citing works
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. A. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.03.014 · Cited by 2,288 · see citing works
The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5 · Cited by 1,731 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and mental health
Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F. (1995) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x · Cited by 1,595 · see citing works
Gender differences in depression
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00142 · Cited by 1,474 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and memory: the cognitive costs of keeping one's cool
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.410 · Cited by 1,472 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0097-0 · Cited by 1,463 · see citing works
The social consequences of expressive suppression
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 · Cited by 1,400 · see citing works
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,364 · see citing works
Gable, S. L., Reis, H. T., Impett, E. A., & Asher, E. R. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.228 · Cited by 1,292 · see citing works
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.970 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930903407948 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Adolescents' Emotion Regulation in Daily Life: Links to Depressive Symptoms and Problem Behavior
Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00643.x · Cited by 1,216 · see citing works
Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty
Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007 · Cited by 1,104 · see citing works
Emotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review
Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0 · Cited by 941 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges, and future directions
Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503669 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders
Hofvander, B., Delorme, R., Chaste, P., Nydén, A., Wentz, E., Ståhlberg, O., Herbrecht, E., Stopin, A., Anckarsäter, H., Gillberg, C., et al. (2009) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-9-35 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Short-circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal.
Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964) · The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0044635 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Savoring Beliefs Inventory (SBI): A scale for measuring beliefs about savouring
Bryant, F. (2003) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0963823031000103489 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Quoidbach, J., Berry, E. V., Hansenne, M., & Mikolajczak, M. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.048 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Emotional regulation and emotional development
Thompson, R. A. (1991) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01319934 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000638 · Cited by 636 · see citing works
Gentes, E. L., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.001 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders.
Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.4.587 · Cited by 579 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Suppression involves inhibiting emotional expression (Gross & Levenson 1993), and is associated with less positive and more negative emotions, disruptions in communication and relationship formation, and a range of mental health disorders including depression (Aldao et al. 2010; Butler et al. 2003; Berking and Wupperm…”
Lever, A. G., & Geurts, H. M. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2722-8 · Cited by 572 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Anxiety and depression are frequent and disabling comorbid psychiatric conditions in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Kerns et al. 2015; Lever and Geurts 2016; van Steensel et al. 2011), however, the mechanisms”
GARNEFSKI, N., LEGERSTEE, J., KRAAIJ, V., VAN DEN KOMMER, T., & TEERDS, J. (2002) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0507 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample
Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005553414688 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry
Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021890322153 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short)
Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1073-0 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
When are adaptive strategies most predictive of psychopathology?
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023598 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21965 · Cited by 495 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For example, an 18-week, emotion-focused cognitive behavioural therapy program was found to be effective in reducing IU in patients with GAD and panic disorder, which in turn was related to reduction in symptoms of anxiety and depression (Boswell et al. 2013).”
BackgroundIntolerance of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., & Foa, E. B. (2003) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00182-2 · Cited by 494 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2016), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD; Lind and Boschen 2009; Steketee et al. 1998; Tolin et al. 2003), and social anxiety (Boelen and Reijntjes 2009; Teale Sapach et al.”
BackgroundPsychiatric comorbidity in young adults with a clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome
Lugnegård, T., Hallerbäck, M. U., & Gillberg, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.025 · Cited by 483 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The frequency of depression in our study was at the mid-point of rates reported in previous studies with adults with ASD, which range between 15 and 70% (Lainhart 1999; Lugnegard et al. 2011; Hofvander et al. 2009; Mazzone et al. 2012; Sterling et al. 2008).”
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E. J. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Troy, A. S., Wilhelm, F. H., Shallcross, A. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020262 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Birrell, J., Meares, K., Wilkinson, A., & Freeston, M. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.009 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Léger, E., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.6.957 · Cited by 446 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Originally thought of as the risk factor for worry and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD; Dugas et al. 1997, 2001; Gentes and Ruscio 2011; Ladouceur et al. 2000; Meeten et al. 2012; Zlomke and Jeter 2014), IU has since been shown to be associated with a range of other psychopathologies, including major depressive diso…”
BackgroundIntolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007 · Cited by 436 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2003), and social anxiety (Boelen and Reijntjes 2009; Teale Sapach et al.”
Boulter, C., Freeston, M., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2001-x · Cited by 401 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The findings align with previous work showing that IU predicts anxiety in a sample of children with ASD (Boulter et al. 2014).”
Anxiety, social deficits, and loneliness in youth with autism spectrum disorders
White, S. W., & Roberson-Nay, R. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0713-8 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Gater, R., Tansella, M., Korten, A., Tiemens, B. G., Mavreas, V. G., & Olatawura, M. O. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.5.405 · Cited by 390 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The female participants self-reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, supporting findings in the general population that women have higher internalising symptoms than males (Gater et al. 1998; Hankin 2009; McLean et al. 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema 2001).”
Wigham, S., Rodgers, J., South, M., McConachie, H., & Freeston, M. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2248-x · Cited by 373 · cited 4× · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with previous research indicating that IU was positively associated with symptoms of anxiety (Maisel et al. 2016; Wigham et al. 2015), and that cognitive reappraisal negatively predicted maladaptive behaviours, including internalizing symptoms (Samson et al.”
InfluentialEmotion regulation in Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism
Samson, A. C., Huber, O., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027975 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Emotion dysregulation and the Core features of autism Spectrum disorder
Samson, A. C., Phillips, J. M., Parker, K. J., Shah, S., Gross, J. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2022-5 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Treatment of Gad: Targeting Intolerance of Uncertainty in Two Types of Worry
Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445500245002 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders
Beesdo-Baum, K., & Knappe, S. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.001 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Mazefsky, C. A., & White, S. W. (2014) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2013.07.002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Romantic Relationships: The Cognitive Consequences of Concealing Feelings
Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030205002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Yook, K., Kim, K.-H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Affect regulation and temperament in children with autism spectrum disorder
Konstantareas, M. M., & Stewart, K. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0051-4 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence: evidence for a maladaptive shift in adolescence
Cracco, E., Goossens, L., & Braet, C. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0952-8 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Estes, A., & Greenson, J. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0477-y · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Berking, M., & Whitley, B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1022-9 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Patterns of emotion regulation and psychopathology
Eftekhari, A., Zoellner, L. A., & Vigil, S. A. (2009) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800802179860 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Steketee, G., Frost, R. O., & Cohen, I. (1998) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(98)00030-9 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Jahromi, L. B., Meek, S. E., & Ober‐Reynolds, S. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02560.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Psychiatric problems in individuals with autism, their parents and siblings
Lainhart, J. E. (1999) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540269974177 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in children and adolescents with autism Spectrum disorder
Samson, A. C., Hardan, A. Y., Podell, R. W., Phillips, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1387 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Mazefsky, C. A., Borue, X., Day, T. N., & Minshew, N. J. (2014) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1366 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Emotional Regulation and Depression: A Potential Mediator between Heart and Mind
Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Gordon, W. V., & Marconi, C. (2014) · Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1155/2014/324374 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: diagnostic challenges
Mazzone, L., Ruta, L., & Reale, L. (2012) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-11-16 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Kerns, C. M., Kendall, P. C., Zickgraf, H., Franklin, M. E., Miller, J., & Herrington, J. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.005 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Hankin, B. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410902976288 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Neil, L., Olsson, N. C., & Pellicano, E. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2721-9 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Personality processes and individual differences
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Cooper, M., & Larsen, R. J. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non-clinical samples
Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.555474 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Samson, A. C., Hardan, A. Y., Lee, I. A., Phillips, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2388-7 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
A dimensional approach to measuring anxiety for DSM‐5
Lebeau, R. T., Glenn, D. E., Hanover, L. N., Beesdo‐Baum, K., Wittchen, H., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1369 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders
Rieffe, C., Oosterveld, P., Terwogt, M. M., Mootz, S., van Leeuwen, E., & Stockmann, L. (2011) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361310366571 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Miranda, R., Fontes, M., & Marroquín, B. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Ritter, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22377 · Cited by 149 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Another intervention study found that following a 20-week ER therapy program, individuals with GAD, half who also had MDD, showed reduction in GAD and MDD symptoms as well as improvements in quality of life, mindful attention/accepting, and cognitive reappraisal (Mennin et al. 2015).”
BackgroundRelationships between rumination, worry, intolerance of uncertainty and metacognitive beliefs
de Jong-Meyer, R., Beck, B., & Riede, K. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.010 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Modeling the cognitive mechanisms linking autism symptoms and anxiety in adults.
Maisel, M. E., Stephenson, K. G., South, M., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M. H., & Gaigg, S. B. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000168 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Cognitive emotion regulation, anxiety and depression in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Bruggink, A., Huisman, S. D., Vuijk, R., Kraaij, V., & Garnefski, N. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.11.003 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Samson, A. C., Wells, W. M., Phillips, J. M., Hardan, A. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12370 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The link between emotion regulation, social functioning, and depression in boys with ASD
Pouw, L. B. C., Rieffe, C. J., Stockmann, L., & Gadow, K. D. (2013) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.01.002 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Richey, J. A., Damiano, C. R., DiCriscio, A. S., Rittenberg, A., Petty, C., Bizzell, J., Voyvodic, J. T., Heller, A. S., Coffman, M. C., Smoski, M. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2359-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Rodgers, J., Hodgson, A., Shields, K., Wright, C., Honey, E., & Freeston, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2924-0 · Cited by 103 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Intervention programs designed separately to reduce IU and improve ER in children with ASD are promising (Rodgers et al. 2016; Thomson et al. 2015).”
BackgroundRumination in Clinical Depression: A Type of Emotional Suppression?
Liverant, G. I., Kamholz, B. W., Sloan, D. M., & Brown, T. A. (2010) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-010-9304-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Emotion Dysregulation and Anxiety in Adults with ASD: Does Social Motivation Play a Role?
Swain, D. M., Scarpa, A., White, S. W., & Laugeson, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2567-6 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Lind, C., & Boschen, M. J. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.07.005 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Facing the Unknown: Intolerance of Uncertainty in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Hodgson, A. R., Freeston, M. H., Honey, E., & Rodgers, J. (2017) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12245 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Thomson, K. M., Riosa, P. B., & Weiss, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2446-1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Stress and worry: examining intolerance of uncertainty's moderating effect
Zlomke, K. R., & Jeter, K. M. (2014) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835400 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Intolerance of Uncertainty Predicts Anxiety Outcomes Following CBT in Youth with ASD.
Keefer, A., Kreiser, N. L., Singh, V., Blakeley-Smith, A., Duncan, A., Johnson, C., Klinger, L., Meyer, A., Reaven, J., & Vasa, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2852-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Cognitive Constructs and Social Anxiety Disorder: Beyond Fearing Negative Evaluation
Teale Sapach, M. J. N., Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Weeks, J. W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.961539 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rieffe, C. J., de Bruine, M., de Rooij, M., & Stockmann, L. (2014) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation, Personality and Social Adjustment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Nader‐Grosbois, N., & Mazzone, S. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.515182 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Dimensional anxiety scales for DSM-5: Sensitivity to clinical severity
Knappe, S., Klotsche, J., Strobel, A., LeBeau, R. T., Craske, M. G., Wittchen, H.-U., & Beesdo-Baum, K. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.02.001 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Investigating the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on catastrophic worrying and mood
Meeten, F., Dash, S. R., Scarlet, A. L. S., & Davey, G. C. L. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.08.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder
Nelson, B. D., Shankman, S. A., & Proudfit, G. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.014 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Neural Systems for Cognitive Reappraisal in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pitskel, N. B., Bolling, D. Z., Kaiser, M. D., Pelphrey, K., & Crowley, M. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.08.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Nuske, H. J., & Vivanti, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29695-1_2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationSamson, A. C., Dougherty, R. F., Lee, I. A., Phillips, J. M., Gross, J. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2016) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.08.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Uljarević, M., Dissanayake, C., & Samson, A. C. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1968 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationCo-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism spectrum disorder
Rosen, T. E., Mazefsky, C. A., Vasa, R. A., & Lerner, M. D. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1450229 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“Further, psychological processes such as emotion dysregulation and intolerance of uncertainty are elevated in individuals with ASD and may confer a risk for depression in ASD (Cai, Richdale, Dissanayake, & Uljarevi c, 2018).”
BackgroundGodinić, D., Obrenovic, B., & Khudaykulov, A. (2020) · International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development · doi:10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.61.2005 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Griffiths, S., Allison, C., Kenny, R., Holt, R., Smith, P., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2162 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“Many of these emphasise cognitive traits, such as poor executive function [Hollocks et al., 2014], difficulties with social cognition [Eussen et al., 2013], intolerance of uncertainty [Boulter, Freeston, South, & Rodgers, 2014; Cai, Richdale, Dissanayake, & Uljarevi c, 2018], emotion regulation [Bruggink, Huisman, Vui…”
Jenkinson, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320932437 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Five studies (Boulter et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2018; Joyce et al., 2017; Rodgers et al., 2016; Vasa et al., 2018) reported finding a large, significant association between self-reported anxiety and selfreported IoU.”
BackgroundAnxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Foley, K., Magiati, I., Cai, R. Y., Dissanayake, C., Richdale, A. L., & Trollor, J. N. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04084-z · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationHwang, Y. I. (., Arnold, S., Srasuebkul, P., & Trollor, J. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361319868907 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Mutluer, T., Genç, H. A., Morey, A. Ö., Eser, H. Y., Ertinmaz, B., CAN, M., & Münir, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856208 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Arnold, S. R. C., Uljarević, M., Hwang, Y. I., Richdale, A. L., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-03947-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II
Williams, Z. J., Everaert, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120952889 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“As measures of depression and anxiety are highly correlated in the general population (Clark et al., 1994) and autistic individuals (R. Y. Cai et al., 2018; Griffiths et al., 2019; Nah et al., 2018), we examined the relationship between BDI-II and a measure of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety…”
BackgroundPickard, H., Hirsch, C., Simonoff, E., & Happé, F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13214 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Smith, I. C., & White, S. W. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320908101 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation as a Transdiagnostic Feature in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
England-Mason, G. (2020) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-020-00200-2 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Emotion regulation in autism: reappraisal and suppression interactions
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Dissanayake, C., Trollor, J., & Uljarević, M. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318774558 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Pathological Demand Avoidance: symptoms but not a syndrome
Green, J., Absoud, M., Grahame, V., Malik, O., Simonoff, E. A., Couteur, A. S. L., & Baird, G. (2018) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30044-0 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Faghani, N., Akbari, M., Hasani, J., & Marino, C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106252 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Exploring the nature of anxiety in young adults on the autism spectrum: A qualitative study
Halim, A. T., Richdale, A. L., & Uljarević, M. (2018) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDell’Osso, L., Massoni, L., Battaglini, S., De Felice, C., Nardi, B., Amatori, G., Cremone, I. M., & Carpita, B. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1234518 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: A treatment target for autism spectrum disorder
Reyes, N. M., Pickard, K., & Reaven, J. (2019) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2019.83.3.205 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Carmassi, C., Conti, L., Gravina, D., Nardi, B., & Dell’Osso, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.900277 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mental Disorders Associated with COVID-19 Related Unemployment
Yao, R., & Wu, W. (2021) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-021-09950-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Joshi, G., Wozniak, J. R., Fitzgerald, M., Faraone, S. V., Fried, R. S., Galdo, M., Furtak, S. L., Conroy, K., Kilcullen, J. R., Belser, A. H., et al. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3542-9 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“ED has been defined as a condition and assessed by previous research through the use of various scales, including the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) (Gross and John 2003; Samson et al. 2012; Cai et al. 2018), the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach 1991; Samson et al.”
MethodIntrinsic and Extrinsic Predictors of Emotion Regulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Fenning, R. M., Baker, J. K., & Moffitt, J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3647-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“2015) whereas other results indicate non-significant associations between chronological age and self-reported regulation (Cai et al. 2018; Pouw et al. 2013).”
ResultRegulating Together: Emotion Dysregulation Group Treatment for ASD Youth and Their Caregivers
Shaffer, R. C., Schmitt, L., Reisinger, D. L., Coffman, M. C., Horn, P. S., Goodwin, M. S., Mazefsky, C. A., Randall, S., & Erickson, C. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05461-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…and thought, intolerance of uncertainty (Cai et al., 2018a, 2018b), executive functioning difficulties (Murray, 2010), poor problem solving (Cai et al., 2018a, 2018b), limited coping skills (Jahromi et al., 2012), sensory sensitivities (Rogers & Ozonoff, 2005), and biological risk (Cai et…”
BackgroundInfluentialPredictors of Mental Health in Chinese Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Su, X., Cai, R. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3364-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In addition, a number of recent childhood and adult studies have implicated IU as an important risk factor for anxiety in ASD (Boulter et al. 2014; Cai et al. 2017; Hodgson et al. 2016; Maisel et al. 2016; Neil et al. 2016; Wigham et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSáez-Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D., del Pozo Armentia, A., & Dattilo, J. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103784 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Burnley, A., St Clair, M., Bedford, R., Wren, Y., & Dack, C. (2023) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-023-09486-w · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lei, J., & Russell, A. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320984897 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…on an emotional, cognitive and behavioural level to uncertain situations and events’ (Buhr & Dugas, 2009, p. 216), which is consistent with the reported increase of intolerance of uncertainty (IU) in autism (Boulter et al., 2014; Cai et al., 2018; Hwang et al., 2020; Wigham et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialChoose your Own Adventure: Pathways to Adulthood Autism Diagnosis in Australia
Huang, Y., Arnold, S. R. C., Foley, K., & Trollor, J. N. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05169-4 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Sahib, A., Chen, J., Cárdenas, D., Calear, A. L., & Wilson, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.056 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Differentiation of autism spectrum disorder and mood or anxiety disorder
Wittkopf, S., Stroth, S., Langmann, A., Wolff, N., Roessner, V., Roepke, S., Poustka, L., & Kamp‐Becker, I. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211039673 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Emotion regulation, self-regulation, and insistence on sameness are related to anxiety—in individuals with ASD and MAD (Cai et al., 2018; Uljarevic et al., 2017).”
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Nevill, R. E. A., Evans, D. W., Cai, R. Y., Butter, E. M., & Mulick, J. A. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1953 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationErcengiz, M., Yıldız, B., Savcı, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1833148 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Cai et al. (2018) argue that high levels of intolerance of uncertainty and more use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategy (suppression) are associated with high levels of anxiety and depression.”
BackgroundCo-occurring mental health symptoms and cognitive processes in trauma-exposed ASD adults
Rumball, F., Antal, K., Happe, F. G. E., & Grey, N. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103836 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kuroda, M., Kawakubo, Y., Kamio, Y., Yamasue, H., Kono, T., Nonaka, M., Matsuda, N., Kataoka, M., Wakabayashi, A., Yokoyama, K., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277398 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Conner, C. M., Kim, P. S., White, S. W., & Mazefsky, C. A. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104332 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Godara, M., Everaert, J., Sánchez-López, Á., Joormann, J., & Raedt, R. D. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36211-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Coping‐resilience profiles and experiences of stress in autistic adults
Muniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., & Lawson, L. P. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2817 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSáez‐Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2839 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Perhaps for these reasons, research on internalized symptoms in ASD has focused on samples without intellectual disability (Cai et al., 2018; Mayes et al., 2020; van Steensel & Heeman, 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialClark, M., & Adams, D. (2020) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1111/cp.12223 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Cai, R., Hardan, A., & South, M. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationExamining a model of anxiety in autistic adults
Riedelbauch, S., Gaigg, S. B., Thiel, T., Roessner, V., & Ring, M. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231177777 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“As Cai et al. (2018) suggest, however, the relative use of adaptive versus maladaptive strategies often has greater implications for mental health than the absolute degree to which either strategy might be used, which was supported by the current findings in terms of the correlation between an ER…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialIndividual differences, ADHD, adult pathological demand avoidance, and delinquency
Egan, V., Bull, E., & Trundle, G. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103733 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bird, S., Moid, L. A. E., Jones, C. A., & Surtees, A. D. R. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102428 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Anxiety in autistic preschool children: Phenomenology and a network analysis of correlates
Vasa, R. A., Kerns, C. M., Singh, V., McDonald, R. G., Jang, Y. S., & Keefer, A. J. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2968 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Psychiatric Characteristics Across Individuals With PTEN Mutations
Steele, M., Uljarević, M., Rached, G., Frazier, T. W., Phillips, J. M., Libove, R. A., Busch, R. M., Klaas, P., Martínez-Agosto, J. A., Srivastava, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.672070 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPathways to Anxiety and Depression in Autistic Adolescents and Adults
Richdale, A. L., Lawson, L. P., Chalmers, A., Uljarević, M., Morris, E. M. J., Arnold, S. R. C., & Trollor, J. N. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/5575932 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Intolerance of uncertainty was correlated with both anxiety and depression in autistic young adults ( N = 62 ) [34] and anxiety and sensory sensitivity in both autistic ( n = 176 ) and non-autistic adults ( n = 116 ) [35].”
Self-citationHwang, Y. I., Zheng, L., Karystianis, G., Gibbs, V., Sharp, K., & Butler, T. G. (2020) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101634 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Emotion regulation strategies and perceived stress during pregnancy in expectant mothers and fathers
Penner, F., Bunderson, M., Bartz, C., Brooker, R. J., & Rutherford, H. J. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2022.2110224 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, Cai et al. (2018) found that this ratio, but neither strategy on its own, had a significant correlation with anxiety in a youth sample.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBarnes, G. L., Ozsivadjian, A., Baird, G., Absoud, M., & Hollocks, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06246-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lamash, L., Sagie, D., Selanikyo, E., Meyer, S., & Gal, E. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102311 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ferguson, E. F., Spackman, E. K., Cai, R. Y., Hardan, A. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3207 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…to non-autistic clinical and general community samples, emotion dysregulation and use of maladaptive ER strategies are associated with internalizing symptoms in autistic youth (Berkovits et al., 2017; Cai et al., 2018a, 2020, 2021; Charlton et al., 2019; Conner et al., 2020; White et al., 2014).”
Self-citationBrief Report: Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Autistic Adults
Radoeva, P. D., Ballinger, K., Ho, T., Webb, S. J., & Stobbe, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05085-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ferguson, E. F., Russell, K. M., Licona, S., Cai, R. Y., Frazier, T. W., Vivanti, G., Gengoux, G. W., Hardan, A. Y., & Uljarević, M. (2024) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3289 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Autistic individuals with moderate-profound ID often experience difficulties across these domains (Cai, Richdale, Uljarevi (cid:1) c, et al., 2018; Nuske et al., 2017; Samson et al., 2022; Uljarevi (cid:1) c et al., 2022), which may contribute to more frequent and severe SIB.”
Self-citationOng, C. S. Y., Magiati, I., Maybery, M. T., Rodgers, J., Uljarević, M., & Alvares, G. A. (2022) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102087 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of chronic stress on smartphone addiction: A moderated mediation model
Qiu, H., Lü, H., Pei, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Xing, C., Wang, X., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1048210 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Therefore, in future practice, cognitive behavior therapy or emotion regulation strategies can be used to reduce the intolerance of uncertainty that individuals feel when facing various types of pressure (42, 71).”
BackgroundSocial Anxiety in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Case of Fragile X Syndrome
Crawford, H. (2023) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-128.4.302 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pozo-Rodríguez, M., Cruz, S., Zubizarreta, S. C.-P., Carracedo, Á., Tubío-Fungueiriño, M., & Fernández‐Prieto, M. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106570 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wright, A. C. (2023) · International Journal of Art Therapy · doi:10.1080/17454832.2023.2172439 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“(Cai et al., 2018; Fenning et al., 2018; Mazefsky et al., 2012; Samson et al., 2014) Often challenges with communicating and understanding the feelings of others (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985) can lead to less interaction and social issues (Mundy, 1995; Spence, 2003), social camou fl aging (Hull et al.,…”
BackgroundThe role of intellectual disability and emotional regulation in the autism–depression relationship
Sáez‐Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231161881 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Moreover, it is common to find work identifying the use of non-adaptive ER strategies as transdiagnostic factors in the development of internalizing-type disorders (Cai et al., 2018; Charlton et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSuicide and Autism: A Lifespan Perspective
Hedley, D., Hayward, S. M., Clarke, A., Uljarević, M., & Stokes, M. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98697-1_3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationConti, E., Calderoni, S., Guerrera, S., Guzzetta, A., Palermo, G., Giacomo, A. D., Tancredi, R., Vicari, S., & Turi, M. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11121474 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Difficulties in emotional regulation and intolerance of uncertainty in university students
del Valle, M. V., Zamora, E. V., Andrés, M. L., Muñiz, M. J. I., & Urquijo, S. (2020) · Quaderns de Psicologia · doi:10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1594 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cardon, G. J., McQuarrie, M., Calton, S., & Gabrielsen, T. P. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102263 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Muniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05953-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…emotion regulation literature which suggests that adaptive strategies (reappraisal) may buffer the effects of maladaptive strategies (suppression), and that strategies used in conjunction with each other may act jointly on the mental health and well-being of autis - tic adults (Cai et al., 2018 ).”
Self-citationInfluence of Childhood Family Routines on Adult Depression: A Cross Sectional Study
Yan, Y., Zhang, J., & Dong, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654433 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“of uncertainty, low tolerance of uncertainty will force him be more inclined to feel anxiety and depression when he encounters uncertain situations or events, even after his adulthood (Buhr and Dugas, 2006; Cai et al., 2018).”
BackgroundJean, F. A. M., Jouni, A., Bouvard, M. P., Camelot, G., Beggiato, A., Scheid, I., Gaman, A., Bouquet, C., Moal, M. L.-L., Houenou, J., et al. (2021) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-08-2020-0048 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Akkuş, Y., & Menekli, T. (2023) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000600 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the Symptom Profiles of Intolerance of Uncertainty in Autistic Children
Keefer, A. J., Singh, V., Jang, Y. S., Alon, L., Surmacz, M., Holingue, C., Mostofsky, S. H., & Vasa, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05744-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Intolerance of Uncertainty and Social Wellbeing: the Mediating Role of Emotional Experiences
Tu, S., He, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, H., Liu, J., Turel, O., & He, Q. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00960-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Individuals with high IU tend to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, which can explain why they are more prone to anxiety, depression, and difficulty experiencing hap - piness (Gross & John, 2003 ; Chin & Rickard, 2014; Cai et al., 2018).”
Beneytez, C. (2023) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102116 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Akçıl, S., Erdinç, B., KARADUMAN, E., & Akyıl, Y. (2024) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.1510661 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“When the literature was reviewed, it was discovered that the concepts addressed in this study were addressed in pairs in previous studies (e.g., Cai et al., 2018; Cheon, 201 1).”
Johnson, M., & Saunderson, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2023.1179015 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rosen, T. E., Rodriguez-Seijas, C. A., Gadow, K. D., & Lerner, M. D. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102413 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tollerfield, I., Chapman, H. M., & Lovell, A. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05092-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“(2014) found links between inflexibilities and EDR and other researchers identified that an intolerance of uncertainty might be involved (Cai et al., 2018), particularly in the context of sensory differences (Neil et al.”
BackgroundDepression bei Erwachsenen mit Autismus-Spektrum-Störung
Albantakis, L., Parpart, H. M., Thaler, H., Krankenhagen, M., Böhm, J., Zillekens, I. C., & Schilbach, L. (2018) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1670568 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Allgemein ließen sich in Abhängigkeit des Untersuchungssettings bisher Raten zwischen 15 und 70% für Depressionen als komorbide Störungen von ASS ermitteln (17).”
BackgroundKomoróczy, E., Sörnyei, D., Vass, Á., Szuromi, B., Vizin, G., Réthelyi, J., & Farkas, K. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.07.12.24310324 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…with autism has alexithymia (Albantakis et al., 2020); loneliness (Schiltz et al., 2021; Umagami et al., 2022) , emotion regulation deficits, and intolerance of uncertainty have also been found to be associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in autistic populations (Cai et al., 2018) .”
BackgroundGao, Y., Salekin, A., Gordon, K. C., Rose, K. M., Wang, H., & Stankovic, J. A. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare · doi:10.1145/3492300 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Many research papers from the field of psychology [9, 15, 31, 32] have shown that emotional health is a crucial part of one’s well-being.”
BackgroundGundeslioglu, H., Gray, K. M., Thompson, P. A., & Langdon, P. E. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07002-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Suanes, G. P. S., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2023) · Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica · doi:10.5944/rppc.37329 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Este conjunto de cir-cunstancias ha llevado a que la investigación se haya centrado, casi en exclusiva, en muestras sin DI (Cai et al., 2018; Mayes et al., 2020) dejando a la población con TEA y DI desprotegida ante el desarrollo de psicopato-logías comunes como la ansiedad.”
Baker, J. K., Fenning, R. M., & McElvain, P. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06720-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…are somewhat mixed, a number of studies link emotion regulation with child chronological age and intellectual functioning (Berkovits et al., 2017; Cai et al., 2018; Fenning et al., 2018; Greenlee et al., 2021; Konstantareas & Stewart, 2006; Mills et al., 2022; Northrup et al., 2021; Pouw et al.,…”
Ruffin, N. M., & Sanusi, P. (2025) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330251353629 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Internalizing symptoms and disorders such as anxiety and depression are also common cooccurring conditions associated with autism (Cai et al., 2018; Kerns et al., 2015; Williams et al., 2022).”
Smith, K., Perry, V., Groves, L., Moss, J. F., Oliver, C., Knight, E., Patterson, T. G., Rodgers, J., Waite, J., & Crawford, H. (2025) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.70024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Brosnan, M., Marikar, S., Punter, M., & Ashwin, C. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-06987-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Co-designed yoga nidra targeting anxiety in autistic children: A mixed methods feasibility study
Loftus, T., Yau, S. H., Soares, S., Byrne, J., & Mathersul, D. C. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Chunyan, L. I. U., & Chen, G. (2019) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2019.01713 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sáez‐Suanes, G. P., García-Villamisar, D. A., & Armentia, A. D. P. (2023) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2022.2163780 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Saruhan, R., Saruhan, Ç., & Gümüş, F. (2023) · Journal of Academic Research in Nursing · doi:10.55646/jaren.2023.54765 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ahmadi, Z., Amiri, S., Kalantari, M., Abedi, M. R., & Vardanjani, H. M. (2020) · Biannual Journal of Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.29252/bjcp.14.2.15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Algebres a operateurs de nombre de presentation quadratique
Besnard, F. (2000) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conceptualization of comorbid anxiety in autism spectrum disorder: An integrative literature review
Behzadpoor, S., Pouretemad, H. R., & Zardkhaneh, S. A. (2021) · کومش · doi:10.29252/koomesh.23.1.11
“[31] Cai RY, Richdale AL, Dissanayake C, Uljarević M.”
BackgroundHillegers, M. H. J., Sivathasan, A. T. R., & van der Aalst, K. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_61-3
Hillegers, M. H. J., Sivathasan, A. T. R., & van der Aalst, K. S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_61
“Everyone Else Wants Cotton Candy and All You Want Is a Grape”
Dymond, K. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4445-4.ch009
Rothe, J., Thiel, T., Roessner, V., & Ring, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07430-x
Loftus, T., Yau, S. H., Byrne, J., & Mathersul, D. C. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70136
“Over time, this can facilitate a chronic state of poor ER, predisposing and maintaining a state of anxiety [10].”
Ruiz, M., Arranz, M. J., Pérez, V., & Amaia Hervas, G. (2025) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-025-02171-0
Mazefsky, C. A., Bradley, M., Duman, K., Beck, K. B., Conner, C. M., Powell, N., Siegle, G. J., Jones, S. L., Trabert, C., Tonarely, N. A., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03891-7
- Authors
- Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Dissanayake, C., & Uljarević, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Richdale, Amanda L.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2017-10-04
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 316-325
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2762404107
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (3.016RC)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, emotion regulation, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, depression, adolescents and young adults, mediation, mood disorders, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Uncertainty, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Research Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
