The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A qualitative assessment of lithium ion battery recycling processes
Open accessAbstract
With the widespread adoption of e-mobility, there are high numbers of lithium Ion batteries (LIB) entering the waste stream. It is imperative that disposal and recycling strategies are developed and implemented. There is an urgent need for safe, environmentally friendly and economically affordable disposal routes for End of Life (EoL) LIBs. This study has looked at 44 commercial recyclers and assessed their recycling and reclamation processes. A novel qualitative assessment matrix termed “Strategic materials Weighting And Value Evaluation" (SWAVE) is proposed and used to compare the strategic importance and value of various materials in EoL LIBs. The sustainability and quality of recycled material are assessed by comparing the final form or composition after the recycling processes, the industrial processes and the industry type (primary sector, manufacturer or recycler). SWAVE is applied to each company, producing a score out of 20, with a higher number indicating that more materials can be recycled. The separation processes and resources from six of the prominent recycling companies are discussed further. The majority of recyclers use one or more of mechanical treatment, pyrometallurgy , or hydrometallurgy , concentrating upon high value metal extraction rather than closed-loop recycling of the metals or component materials, highlighting an environmental and technological gap. To improve the current circular economy of batteries reuse and repurposing of materials (closed-loop recycling), instead of purely recycling or recovery of metals should be considered for further development. Further studies of environmental trade-offs from recycling or recovering one material in preference to another is required.
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Cites
Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
Harper, G., Sommerville, R., Kendrick, E., Driscoll, L., Slater, P., Stolkin, R., Walton, A., Christensen, P., Heidrich, O., Lambert, S., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1682-5 · Cited by 3,890
Self-citationRecovery and recycling of lithium: a review
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Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Development of a recycling process for Li-ion batteries
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Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials
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Self-citationRecycling of batteries: a review of current processes and technologies
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A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective
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Sustainability of artisanal mining of cobalt in DR Congo
Banza Lubaba Nkulu, C., Casas, L., Haufroid, V., De Putter, T., Saenen, N. D., Kayembe-Kitenge, T., Musa Obadia, P., Kyanika Wa Mukoma, D., Lunda Ilunga, J.-M., Nawrot, T. S., et al. (2018) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0139-4 · Cited by 537
The future of automotive lithium-ion battery recycling: Charting a sustainable course
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Cited by
Environmental impacts, pollution sources and pathways of spent lithium-ion batteries
Mrozik, W., Rajaeifar, M. A., Heidrich, O., & Christensen, P. (2021) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d1ee00691f · Cited by 1,028
Self-citationDegen, F., Winter, M., Bendig, D., & Tübke, J. (2023) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01355-z · Cited by 861
Lai, X., Chen, Q., Tang, X., Zhou, Y., Gao, F., Guo, Y., Bhagat, R., & Zheng, Y. (2022) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2022.100169 · Cited by 566
Financial viability of electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycling
Lander, L., Cleaver, T., Rajaeifar, M. A., Nguyen-Tien, V., Elliott, R. J. R., Heidrich, O., Kendrick, E., Edge, J. S., & Offer, G. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102787 · Cited by 304
Self-citationSustainability challenges throughout the electric vehicle battery value chain
Jannesar Niri, A., Poelzer, G. A., Zhang, S. E., Rosenkranz, J., Pettersson, M., & Ghorbani, Y. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.114176 · Cited by 291
Metadata
- Authors
- Sommerville, R., Zhu, P., Rajaeifar, M. A., Heidrich, O., Goodship, V., & Kendrick, E.
- Venue
- Resources, Conservation and Recycling
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 165
- Pages
- 105219
- ISSN
- 0921-3449 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3095493091
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 41
- FWCI
- 17.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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