Critical review of life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles: A lifespan perspective
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Over an assumed lifetime of 184,000 km, only Alaska and Iowa have a negative ED, although Hawaii is almost neutral.
“Concerning ED, Figure 5 shows that over an assumed lifetime of 184,000 km [29] only Alaska and Iowa have a negative ED, although Hawaii is almost neutral”
From A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Recycling lithium batteries via direct, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, or bio-hydrometallurgical methods all involve water.
“There are several processes for recycling lithium batteries, including direct, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, or bio-hydrometallurgical methods, all of which involve water (Baum et al., 2022; Lai et al., 2022; Meng et al., 2021; Mishra et al., 2022; Swain, 2017).”
From Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage (2024) · cites this paper as Lai et al., 2022
The production of battery materials and subsequent LIB cell manufacturing contribute considerably to greenhouse gas emissions.
“the production of battery materials4–7 and the subsequent LIB cell manufacturing8–10 contribute considerably to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions”
From Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Cites
Rebitzer, G., Ekvall, T., Frischknecht, R., Hunkeler, D., Norris, G., Rydberg, T., Schmidt, W.-P., Suh, S., Weidema, B. P., & Pennington, D. W. (2004) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005 · Cited by 2,753 · see citing works
Nordelöf, A., Messagie, M., Tillman, A.-M., Ljunggren Söderman, M., & Van Mierlo, J. (2014) · The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment · doi:10.1007/s11367-014-0788-0 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Bonsu, N. O. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120659 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Kelly, J. C., Wang, M., Dai, Q., & Winjobi, O. (2021) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Engels, P., Cerdas, F., Dettmer, T., Frey, C., Hentschel, J., Herrmann, C., Mirfabrikikar, T., & Schueler, M. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) will likely yield more accurate results than process-based LCA
Pomponi, F., & Lenzen, M. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.119 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Jiang, S., Zhang, L., Li, F., Hua, H., Liu, X., Yuan, Z., & Wu, H. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110253 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Sustainable strategies analysis through Life Cycle Assessment: a case study in a furniture industry
Iritani, D. R., Silva, D. A. L., Saavedra, Y. M. B., Grael, P. F. F., & Ometto, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.05.029 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Simulation-based Life Cycle Assessment for hydrometallurgical recycling of mixed Lib and nimh waste
Rinne, M., Elomaa, H., Porvali, A., & Lundström, M. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105586 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Schomberg, A. C., Bringezu, S., & Flörke, M. (2021) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00080-9 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Degen, F., Winter, M., Bendig, D., & Tübke, J. (2023) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-023-01355-z · Cited by 861 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Lai, X., Gu, H., Tang, X., Gao, F., Han, X., & Zheng, Y. (2022) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133342 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationCarbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials
Peiseler, L., Schenker, V., Schatzmann, K., Pfister, S., Wood, V., & Schmidt, T. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54634-y · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mousavinezhad, S., Nili, S., Fahimi, A., & Vahidi, E. (2024) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107583 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art
Barman, P., Dutta, L., & Azzopardi, B. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16083369 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lithium and water: Hydrosocial impacts across the life cycle of energy storage
Blair, J. J. A., Vineyard, N., Mulvaney, D., Cantor, A., Sharbat, A., Berry, K., Bartholomew, E., & Ornelas, A. F. (2024) · WIREs Water · doi:10.1002/wat2.1748 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Active materials, binders, and conductive additives are mixed to make a slurry that is then applied to coat a conductive foil (Lai et al., 2022).”
Deep learning powered rapid lifetime classification of lithium-ion batteries
Fei, Z., Zhang, Z., Yang, F., & Tsui, K.-L. (2023) · eTransportation · doi:10.1016/j.etran.2023.100286 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Sun, X., Giljum, S., Maus, V., Schomberg, A., Zhang, S., & You, F. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c12749 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Yao, J., & Kowal, J. (2025) · Energy and AI · doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2025.100585 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Abdelbaky, M., Schwich, L., Henriques, J., Friedrich, B., Peeters, J. R., & Dewulf, W. (2023) · Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain · doi:10.1016/j.clscn.2023.100130 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A National and Regional Greenhouse Gas Breakeven Assessment of EVs across North America
Rasbash, D., Dillman, K. J., Heinonen, J., & Ásgeirsson, E. I. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15032181 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Concerning E , Figure 5 shows that over an assumed lifetime of 184,000 km [29] only Alaska and Iowa have a negative ED, although Hawaii is almost neutral.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Lai, X., Chen, Q., Tang, X., Zhou, Y., Gao, F., Guo, Y., Bhagat, R., & Zheng, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (CN)
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HK)
- Coventry University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lai, Xin
- Zheng, Yuejiu
- ORCID
- Venue
- eTransportation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 12
- Pages
- 100169
- ISSN
- 2590-1168 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224030340
- Cited by
- 566
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 159 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 38
- FWCI
- 34.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- eTransportation (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (19ZR1435800)
- Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation (19QA1406200)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51877138, 51977131)
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy (KF2020)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Keywords
- lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, life cycle assessment, battery manufacturing, battery recycling, battery remanufacturing, carbon footprint, electricity mix, environmental impact, resource consumption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
