Sleep restores daytime deficits in procedural memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Abstract
Sleep supports the consolidation of declarative and procedural memory. While prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity supports the consolidation of declarative memory during sleep, opposite effects of PFC activity are reported with respect to the consolidation of procedural memory during sleep. Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterised by a prefrontal hypoactivity. Therefore, we hypothesised that children with ADHD benefit from sleep with respect to procedural memory more than healthy children. Sixteen children with ADHD and 16 healthy controls (aged 9-12) participated in this study. A modification of the serial-reaction-time task was conducted. In the sleep condition, learning took place in the evening and retrieval after a night of sleep, whereas in the wake condition learning took place in the morning and retrieval in the evening without sleep. Children with ADHD showed an improvement in motor skills after sleep compared to the wake condition. Sleep-associated gain in reaction times was positively correlated with the amount of sleep stage 4 and REM-density in ADHD. As expected, sleep did not benefit motor performance in the group of healthy children. These data suggest that sleep in ADHD normalizes deficits in procedural memory observed during daytime. It is discussed whether in patients with ADHD attenuated prefrontal control enables sleep-dependent gains in motor skills by reducing the competitive interference between explicit and implicit components within a motor task.
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Studies examining procedural memories consistently demonstrated that in children, unlike in adults, posttraining sleep does not produce a robust improvement of skill.
“In contrast to the strong beneficial effects of non-REM sleep on the consolidation of declarative memory in children, studies examining procedural memories consistently demonstrated that in children, unlike in adults, posttraining sleep does not produce a robust improvement of skill.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [949]
Sleep restored daytime deficits in procedural memory (serial reaction time task) in children with ADHD, while no overnight improvements were observed in healthy children.
“Interestingly, sleep restored daytime deficits in procedural memory (serial reaction time task) in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while again no overnight improvements were observed in healthy children (949).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [949]
The majority of studies on sleep-dependent procedural memory formation in children indicated an impairing rather than improving effect of sleep on skill, similar to findings in juvenile songbirds where overnight sleep deteriorated tutored song performance.
“In fact, the majority of studies on sleepdependent procedural memory formation in children indicated an impairing rather than improving effect of sleep on skill (385, 947, 949, 1318), remarkably similar to findings in juvenile song birds where overnight sleep likewise deteriorated performance on the tutored song (280).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [949]
Reduced frontal brain function is the cause of impaired memory consolidation during sleep in ADHD.
“Our previous studies pointed to a reduced frontal brain function as the cause of the impaired memory consolidation during sleep in ADHD [34,36,37].”
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- Authors
- Prehn-Kristensen, A., Molzow, I., Munz, M., Wilhelm, I., Müller, K., Freytag, D., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L.
- Affiliations
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- Research in Developmental Disabilities
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2480-2488
- ISSN
- 0891-4222 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2024371564
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Developmental Disabilities (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, procedural memory, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, children, prefrontal cortex, serial reaction time task, motor learning, REM sleep, explicit and implicit learning
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Circadian Rhythm, Conditioning, Psychological, Humans, Memory, Memory Disorders, Motor Skills, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Sleep, Polysomnography, Prefrontal Cortex
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