Sleep-dependent memory consolidation – What can be learnt from children?
Abstract
Extensive research has been accumulated demonstrating that sleep is essential for processes of memory consolidation in adults. In children and infants, a great capacity to learn and to memorize coincides with longer and more intense sleep. Here, we review the available data on the influence of sleep on memory consolidation in healthy children and infants, as well as in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a model of prefrontal impairment, and consider possible mechanisms underlying age-dependent differences. Findings indicate a major role of slow wave sleep (SWS) for processes of memory consolidation during early development. Importantly, longer and deeper SWS during childhood appears to produce a distinctly superior strengthening of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories, but concurrently prevents an immediate benefit from sleep for procedural memories, as typically observed in adults. Studies of ADHD children point toward an essential contribution of prefrontal cortex to the preferential consolidation of declarative memory during SWS. Developmental studies of sleep represent a particularly promising approach for characterizing the supra-ordinate control of memory consolidation during sleep by prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry underlying the encoding of declarative memory.
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Sleep-induced extraction of explicit sequence knowledge from implicitly trained SRTT is particularly pronounced in children and correlated with enhanced EEG slow oscillation activity during posttraining sleep.
“The sleepinduced extraction of explicit sequence knowledge from an implicitly trained SRTT was particularly pronounced in children, where this extraction process was correlated with enhanced EEG slow oscillation activity during posttraining sleep (1321).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1321]
Strengthening of ventromedial prefrontal cortical connections might be particularly important for sleep-induced gain of explicit memory.
“For this sleep-induced gain of explicit memory, the strengthening of ventromedial prefrontal cortical connections might be particularly important (256, 1321).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1321]
According to active system consolidation, processes during SWS supporting redistribution of memories from temporary hippocampal to extrahippocampal long-term storage sites do not only strengthen memory representations, but also bring about qualitative transformations, manifesting behaviorally in increased knowledge about invariant repeating and relevant features in learned materials.
“According to this concept, processes during SWS supporting the redistribution of memories from temporary hippocampal to extrahippocampal long-term storage sites, do not only strengthen these memory representations, but also bring about qualitative transformations, manifesting themselves behaviorally in increased knowledge about invariant repeating and relevant features in the learned materials.”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1321]
Findings of a facilitating effect of sleep during development on generation of hippocampus-dependent explicit knowledge about sequences and grammatical rules are well in line with the assumption of an active system consolidation established during sleep.
“Together, the findings of a facilitating effect of sleep during development on the generation of hippocampus-dependent explicit knowledge about sequences and grammatical rules are well in line with the assumption of an active system consolidation established during sleep (293,1321,1327).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1321]
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Daily and developmental modulation of “premotor” activity in the birdsong system
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Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
Self-citationTononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
Social jetlag, academic achievement and cognitive performance: Understanding gender/sex differences
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The sleeping child outplays the adult's capacity to convert implicit into explicit knowledge
Wilhelm, I., Rose, M., Imhof, K. I., Rasch, B., Büchel, C., & Born, J. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3343 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationPrehn-Kristensen, A., Munz, M., Göder, R., Wilhelm, I., Korr, K., Vahl, W., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2014) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates
Vorster, A. P., & Born, J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationTimely sleep facilitates declarative memory consolidation in infants
Seehagen, S., Konrad, C., Herbert, J. S., & Schneider, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414000112 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Munz, M., Molzow, I., Wilhelm, I., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065098 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationThe sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Sleep in children triggers rapid reorganization of memory-related brain processes
Urbain, C., De Tiège, X., Op De Beeck, M., Bourguignon, M., Wens, V., Verheulpen, D., Van Bogaert, P., & Peigneux, P. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.055 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Peiffer, A., Brichet, M., De Tiège, X., Peigneux, P., & Urbain, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66880-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Does sleep help prevent forgetting rewarded memory representations in children and adults?
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Böhmig, A., Schult, J., Pedersen, A., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00924 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Wilhelm, I., Prehn-Kristensen, A., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Wilhelm, I.
- ORCID
- Wilhelm, I.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1718-1728
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1988263828
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, children, infants, slow-wave sleep, declarative memory, procedural memory, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, memory encoding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Memory, Sleep, Sleep Stages
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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