Transcranial direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory
Open accessAbstract
In humans, weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates excitability in the motor, visual, and prefrontal cortex. Periods rich in slow-wave sleep (SWS) not only facilitate the consolidation of declarative memories, but in humans, SWS is also accompanied by a pronounced endogenous transcortical DC potential shift of negative polarity over frontocortical areas. To experimentally induce widespread extracellular negative DC potentials, we applied anodal tDCS (0.26 mA) [correction] repeatedly (over 30 min) bilaterally at frontocortical electrode sites during a retention period rich in SWS. Retention of declarative memories (word pairs) and also nondeclarative memories (mirror tracing skills) learned previously was tested after this period and compared with retention performance after placebo stimulation as well as after retention intervals of wakefulness. Compared with placebo stimulation, anodal tDCS during SWS-rich sleep distinctly increased the retention of word pairs (p < 0.005). When applied during the wake retention interval, tDCS did not affect declarative memory. Procedural memory was also not affected by tDCS. Mood was improved both after tDCS during sleep and during wake intervals. tDCS increased sleep depth toward the end of the stimulation period, whereas the average power in the faster frequency bands (,alpha, and beta) was reduced. Acutely, anodal tDCS increased slow oscillatory activity <3 Hz. We conclude that effects of tDCS involve enhanced generation of slow oscillatory EEG activity considered to facilitate processes of neuronal plasticity. Shifts in extracellular ionic concentration in frontocortical tissue (expressed as negative DC potentials during SWS) may facilitate sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memories.
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In humans, tDCS that oscillated at 0.003 Hz and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early nocturnal non-REM sleep increased endogenous SWA and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories.
“In humans, tDCS that oscillated at a very low frequency (0.003 Hz; 30-s on/30-s off) and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early noctur-nal non-REM sleep, increased endogenous SWA, and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories (785).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [785]
The Abstract and Discussion report increased slow oscillatory activity and improved retention of word pairs after frontal tDCS during early slow-wave-rich sleep. But the Transcranial DC stimulation section specifies 15 seconds on and 15 seconds off, not the cited sentence’s 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off; that protocol also does not match its stated 0.003 Hz. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn young healthy adults, toDCS at 0.75 Hz during SWS increased SO power and boosted sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory.
“By using transcranial oscillating direct current stimulation (toDCS) at 0.75 Hz during SWS in young healthy adults, Marshall and colleagues increased SO power, resulting in boosted sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
Frontally applied anodal toDCS in healthy adults can improve the sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory.
“As shown by Marshall and colleagues, frontally applied anodal toDCS in healthy adults can remarkably improve the sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memory [32,33].”
Healthy adults, adults with schizophrenia, and children with ADHD benefited from toDCS during sleep, while elderly healthy participants did not.
“While healthy adults [32,33], adults suffering from schizophrenia [56], and children with ADHD benefited from toDCS during sleep, elderly healthy participants did not [57].”
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Memory reactivation and consolidation during sleepPreprint
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- Authors
- Marshall, L., Mölle, M., Hallschmid, M., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2004-11-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 9985-9992
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6730231
- OpenAlex
- W2097201141
- Cited by
- 548
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 41
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (MA 2053, BO 854)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, sleep, slow-wave sleep, declarative memory, memory consolidation, anodal tDCS, slow oscillations, procedural memory, mirror tracing, mood, sleep depth, neuroplasticity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebral Cortex, Double-Blind Method, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Humans, Male, Memory, Paired-Associate Learning, Mental Recall, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Wakefulness, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies
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