Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)
Abstract
According to the recommendations of the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Neurocognition Committee, one of the desired characteristics of a cognitive battery for assessing cognition in schizophrenia studies and clinical trials is the availability of normative data. This report describes normative data collected on the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) from 404 healthy controls with demographic characteristics matching the 2005 United States Census of English-speakers. The six test measures demonstrated the expected pattern of correlations with age, gender, and education. Individual test scores were converted into standardized (T and z) scores and composite scores that were corrected for age and gender. An education-correction factor was calculated and recommended only for non-schizophrenia patients. Eight different verbal memory tests were found to have equivalent levels of difficulty.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Keefe, R. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011 · Cited by 1,573 · see citing works
Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised
McCloskey, G. (1987) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Nuechterlein, K. H., Gold, J. M., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J., Essock, S., Fenton, W. S., Frese, F., Goldberg, T. E., Heaton, R. K., et al. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.06.023 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Self-citationXiangling, L. (1999) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004484696_008 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Keefe, R. S. E., Sweeney, J. A., Gu, H., Hamer, R. M., Perkins, D. O., McEvoy, J. P., & Lieberman, J. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.7.1061 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationNuisance variables and the ex post facto design
Meehl, P. E. (1970) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Radner, M., & Winokur, S. (1970) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 8 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jaeger, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000941 · Cited by 836 · see citing works
Hill, S. K., Reilly, J. L., Keefe, R. S. E., Gold, J. M., Bishop, J. R., Gershon, E. S., Tamminga, C. A., Pearlson, G. D., Keshavan, M. S., & Sweeney, J. A. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101298 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“Composite scores anchored to B-SNIP controls and Keefe norms (44) were highly correlated (r values, >0.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBowie, C. R., McGurk, S. R., Mausbach, B., Patterson, T. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2012) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091337 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Self-citationThe assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia
Reichenberg, A. (2010) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2010.12.3/areichenberg · Cited by 270 · see citing works
“The battery takes approximately 30 minutes to administer, has alternate forms, established reliability and validity, and available normative data.(81) Other abbreviated test batteries are also available with normative data (eg, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status(82,83); CogState,(84) a…”
Effect of second-generation antipsychotics on cognition: current issues and future challenges
Hill, S. K., Bishop, J. R., Palumbo, D. R., & Sweeney, J. A. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.143 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Barch, D. M., Bustillo, J., Gäebel, W., Gur, R., Heckers, S., Malaspina, D., Owen, M. J., Schultz, S. K., Tandon, R., Tsuang, M. T., et al. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.027 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“, 2008), though they may still have utility in predicting functional status (Bralet et al., 2007; Kaneda et al., 2007; Green et al., 2008; Hill et al., 2008; Keefe et al., 2008; Harvey et al., 2009; Chia et al., 2010; Ventura et al., 2010).”
Marx, C. E., Keefe, R. S. E., Buchanan, R. W., Hamer, R. M., Kilts, J. D., Bradford, D. W., Strauss, J. L., Naylor, J. C., Payne, V. M., Lieberman, J. A., et al. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.26 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Cognitive symptoms were assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) (Keefe et al, 2004, 2008) and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), (Nuechterlein and Green, 2006; Nuechterlein et al, 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationWhat did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory.
Asperholm, M., Högman, N., Rafi, J., & Herlitz, A. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000197 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Grent-‘t-Jong, T., Groß, J., Goense, J. B. M., Wibral, M., Gajwani, R., Gumley, A. I., Lawrie, S. M., Schwannauer, M., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Schröder, T. N., et al. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.37799 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“BACS data were standardized (z-transformed) to a normative database, correcting for age and gender (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodThe RAISE Early Treatment Program for First-Episode Psychosis
Kane, J. M., Schooler, N. R., Marcy, P., Correll, C. U., Brunette, M. F., Mueser, K. T., Rosenheck, R. A., Addington, J., Estroff, S. E., Robinson, J. A., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.14m09289 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cognitive impairments in psychotic disorders: common mechanisms and measurement
Barch, D. M., & Sheffield, J. M. (2014) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20145 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“, self-report, clinician interview) suggests that they have limited correlation with objective measures of cognitive performance (137), though they may still have utility in predicting functional status (137-144).”
BackgroundBowie, C. R., Grossman, M., Gupta, M., Oyewumi, L. K., & Harvey, P. D. (2013) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12029 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Raw scores are transformed to z-scores (M = 0, SD = 1) based on performance relative to the age- and gendermatched healthy normative sample scores for each test were averaged for a neurocognitive composite score.(36)”
MethodSelf-citationCognitive Impairment Associated with Schizophrenia: From Pathophysiology to Treatment
Javitt, D. C. (2022) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-093250 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome and Schizophrenia: The Current State of the Field and Clinical Applications
Szeligowski, T., Yun, A. L., Lennox, B., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00156 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“0 standard deviations below healthy controls in a number of neurocognitive tasks, with largest impairments observed in working memory, attention, problem solving, processing speed, and social cognition (61).”
BackgroundMethodReduced levels of vasopressin and reduced behavioral modulation of oxytocin in psychotic disorders
Rubin, L. H., Carter, C. S., Bishop, J. R., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., Drogos, L. L., Hill, S. K., Ruocco, A. C., Keedy, S. K., Reilly, J. L., Keshavan, M. S., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu027 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cho, M., Lee, T. Y., Kwak, Y. B., Yoon, Y. B., Kim, M., & Kwon, J. S. (2019) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867419835028 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic Associations Between Functional Brain Network Integrity and Cognition
Sheffield, J. M., Kandala, S., Tamminga, C. A., Pearlson, G. D., Keshavan, M. S., Sweeney, J. A., Clementz, B. A., Lerman-Sinkoff, D. B., Hill, S. K., & Barch, D. M. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0669 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Psychosis Biotypes: Replication and Validation from the B-SNIP Consortium
Clementz, B. A., Parker, D., Trotti, R. L., McDowell, J. E., Keedy, S., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Gershon, E. S., Ivleva, E. I., Huang, L.-Y., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab090 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Motivational Interviewing to Increase Cognitive Rehabilitation Adherence in Schizophrenia
Fiszdon, J. M., Kurtz, M. M., Choi, J., Bell, M. D., & Martino, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv143 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Rowland, L. M., Krause, B. W., Wijtenburg, S. A., McMahon, R. P., Chiappelli, J., Nugent, K. L., Nisonger, S. J., Korenic, S. A., Kochunov, P., & Hong, L. E. (2015) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.34 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Cognitive burden of anticholinergic medications in psychotic disorders
Eum, S., Hill, S. K., Rubin, L. H., Carnahan, R. M., Reilly, J. L., Ivleva, E. I., Keedy, S., Tamminga, C. A., Pearlson, G. D., Clementz, B. A., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.034 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“BACS composite and subtest z-scores were derived from age, sex, and race stratified norms as in previous studies (Hill et al., 2013; Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationRowland, L. M., Summerfelt, A. T., Wijtenburg, S. A., Du, X. M., Chiappelli, J., Krishna, N., West, J., Muellerklein, F., Kochunov, P. V., & Hong, L. E. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.2680 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
European Psychiatric Association guidance on assessment of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia
Vita, A., Gäebel, W., Mucci, A., Sachs, G., Erfurth, A., Barlati, S., Zanca, F., Giordano, G. M., Glenthøj, L. B., Nordentoft, M., et al. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2316 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Normative data in different cultural contexts (USA, Italy, Taiwan-Mandarin-speaking Chinese population; Singapore-English-speaking Chinese population) are available [119–122]; they show a good degree of consistency in western countries [119,121], while those collected Taiwan and Singapore appear significantly differen…”
BackgroundMethodSocial cognition and neurocognitive deficits in first-episode schizophrenia
Bliksted, V., Fagerlund, B., Weed, E., Frith, C., & Videbech, P. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.010 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Segarra, N., Bernardo, M., Gutiérrez, F., Justicia, A., Fernadez-Egea, E., Allas, M., Safont, G., Contreras, F., Gascón, J., Insa, P. A. S., et al. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.11.001 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“The BACS has two alternative versions (A and B) and up to eight different verbal memory tests matched for level of difficulty [19].”
MethodSelf-citationValidation of the tablet-administered Brief Assessment of Cognition (BAC App)
Atkins, A. S., Tseng, T., Vaughan, A. W., Twamley, E. W., Harvey, P. D., Patterson, T. L., Narasimhan, M., & Keefe, R. S. E. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.010 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Normative data based upon 400 healthy participants demographically matched to the US Census (Keefe et al., 2008) allow for calculation of standardized domain scores and overall composite scores with correction for age and gender.”
InfluentialSelf-citationde Boer, J. N., Voppel, A., Brederoo, S., Schnack, H. G., Truong, K. P., Wijnen, F. N. K., & Sommer, I. E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002804 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Individual BACS scores were converted into standardized Z-scores that are corrected for age and gender based on previously published norm scores (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodReilly, J. L., Frankovich, K., Hill, S. K., Gershon, E. S., Keefe, R. S. E., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt132 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationCaletti, E., Paoli, R. A., Fiorentini, A., Cigliobianco, M., Zugno, E., Serati, M., Orsenigo, G., Grillo, P., Zago, S., Caldiroli, A., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00661 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
de Bartolomeis, A., Balletta, R., Giordano, S., Buonaguro, E. F., Latte, G., & Iasevoli, F. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.042 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“On the basis of recent evidence (Kishi et al., 2006; Keefe et al., 2008), we decided to exclude from the study only the patients who had a life-time diagnosis of substance use disorder or who had abused of substances within 3 months from the time of evaluation.”
Cognitive and psychomotor effects of risperidone in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder
Houthoofd, S., Morrens, M., & Sabbe, B. (2008) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.09.014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rojo, E., Pino, Ó., Guilera, G., Gómez‐Benito, J., Purdon, S. E., Crespo‐Facorro, B., Cuesta, M. J., Franco, M., Martínez‐Arán, A., Segarra, N., et al. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.08.005 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Although the psychometric properties of these instruments have been extensively evaluated in various clinical samples (Eisenstein et al., 2002; Engelhart et al., 1999; Garcia et al., 2008; Guilera et al., 2009; Hill et al., 2008; Hobart et al., 1999; Keefe et al., 2008; Pino et al., 2008;Wilk et al., 2002), few studie…”
BackgroundCognitive impairment in manic bipolar patients: important, understated, significant aspects
Vrabie, M., Marinescu, V., Talasman, A., Tautu, O.-F., Drima, E. P., & Micluția, I. (2015) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-015-0080-0 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lencer, R., Sprenger, A., Reilly, J. L., McDowell, J. E., Rubin, L. H., Badner, J. A., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., Gershon, E. S., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.032 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“b Brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia (Keefe et al., 2008), z-scores are given.”
BackgroundLongitudinal Cognitive Changes in Young Individuals at Ultrahigh Risk for Psychosis
Lam, M., Lee, J., Rapisarda, A., See, Y. M., Yang, Z., Lee, S.-A., Rashid, N. A. A., Kraus, M., Subramaniam, M., Chong, S., et al. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1668 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationMarkulev, C., McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Yuen, H. P., Schaefer, M. R., Yung, A. R., Thompson, A. D., Berger, G. E., Mossaheb, N., Schlögelhofer, M., et al. (2015) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12260 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Bolt, L. K., Amminger, G. P., Farhall, J., McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., Yuen, H. P., Schäfer, M. R., Mossaheb, N., Schlögelhofer, M., et al. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.013 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Happiness in first-episode schizophrenia.
Agid, O., McDonald, K., Siu, C., Tsoutsoulas, C., Wass, C., Zipursky, R., Foussias, G., & Remington, G. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Cognitive results were compared to results from a previously published sample of healthy controls (Keefe et al., 2008), as well as to those from a previously published sample of patients with chronic schizophrenia (Keefe et al., 2004).”
ResultBliksted, V., Videbech, P., Fagerlund, B., & Frith, C. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000309 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Life story chapters and narrative self-continuity in patients with schizophrenia
Holm, T., Thomsen, D. K., & Bliksted, V. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The BACS is a valid and reliable battery of test that assesses the aspects of neurocognition most impaired in patients with schizophrenia (Keefe, Poe, Walker, & Harvey, 2006; Keefe et al., 2004, 2008).”
Keefe, R. S. E., Fox, K. H., Davis, V. G., Kennel, C., Walker, T. M., Burdick, K. E., & Harvey, P. D. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The six core BAC measures were standardized by creating z-scores (mean [SD], 0 [1]) based on existing normative data from healthy controls for specific gender and age groups (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPersistence of psychotic symptoms as an indicator of cognitive impairment in methamphetamine users
Chen, C., Lin, S., Chen, Y., Huang, M., Chen, T., Ree, S., & Wang, L. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.035 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“For the primary measure of each BACS domain standardized by creating Z-scores, the composite score is the Z-score of that sum (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodForlim, C. G., Klock, L., Bächle, J., Stoll, L., Giemsa, P., Fuchs, M., Schoofs, N., Montag, C., Gallinat, J., & Kühn, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59393-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Desmarais, J. E., Beauclair, L., Annable, L., Bélanger, M., Kolivakis, T., & Margolese, H. C. (2014) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125314553611 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“The BACS has been used in over 30 clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia [Keefe et al. 2008].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNeural complexity as a potential translational biomarker for psychosis
Hager, B. M., Yang, A. C., Brady, R. O., Meda, S. A., Clementz, B. A., Pearlson, G. D., Sweeney, J. A., Tamminga, C. A., & Keshavan, M. S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.016 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Subtest scores were converted to z-scores using published norms (Keefe et al., 2008).”
Neural correlates of global and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
Jirsaraie, R. J., Sheffield, J. M., & Barch, D. M. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.017 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Cognitive function of all participantswas assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS, (Keefe et al., 2008), which is a valid and reliable assessment that has been widely used in schizophrenia research.”
MethodMeijer, J. H., Simons, C. J. P., Quee, P. J., Verweij, K. H. W., & GROUP Investigators (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01777.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“(24): » Age ≤20: 71 males and 64 females » Age 21-30: 85 males and 105 females » Age 31-40: 59 males and 65 females » Age ≥41: 55 males and 85 females Adjusted z-scores were computed as follows.”
MethodFunctional neuroanatomical correlates of episodic memory impairment in early phase psychosis
Francis, M., Hummer, T. A., Vohs, J. L., Yung, M. G., Liffick, E., Mehdiyoun, N. F., Radnovich, A. J., McDonald, B. C., Saykin, A. J., & Breier, A. F. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9357-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…were administered the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al. 1987) and the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) (Keefe et al. 2008) by raters who were extensively trained and consistently achieved inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation) scores on the…”
MethodFunctional outcomes in schizophrenia: Understanding the competence-performance discrepancy
Gupta, M., Bassett, E., Iftene, F., & Bowie, C. R. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Ohi, K., Shimada, T., Nemoto, K., Kataoka, Y., Yasuyama, T., Kimura, K., Okubo, H., Uehara, T., & Kawasaki, Y. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.08.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The BACS battery provides a brief (30 min), reliable, and valid test of global neuropsychological function (Keefe et al., 2004; Keefe et al., 2008) and is widely used in schizophrenia research (Hill et al.”
InfluentialFrancis, M., Hummer, T. A., Vohs, J. L., Yung, M. G., Visco, A. C., Mehdiyoun, N. F., Kulig, T. C., Um, M., Yang, Z., Motamed, M., et al. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9902-4 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The effect of minocycline on symptoms in schizophrenia: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Weiser, M., Levi, L. W., Burshtein, S., Chiriță, R., Cirjaliu, D., Gonen, I., Yolken, R. H., Davidson, M., Zamora, D., & Davis, J. M. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“This being said, looking at the individual BACS scores does show a non-significant numerical improvement for 5/6 BACS items and for the composite score in theminocycline group either at week 8 or 16 or both.”
MethodInfluentialBornheimer, L. A., Wojtalik, J. A., Verdugo, J. L., Cobia, D. J., & Smith, M. J. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.12.025 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Norms and standardization of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS).”
MethodInfluentialLisoni, J., Baldacci, G., Nibbio, G., Zucchetti, A., Gigli, E. B. L., Savorelli, A., Facchi, M., Miotto, P., Deste, G., Barlati, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Glenthøj, L. B., Fagerlund, B., Randers, L., Hjorthøj, C. R., Wenneberg, C., Krakauer, K., Vosgerau, A., Gluud, C. N., Medalia, A. A., Roberts, D. L., et al. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-014-0542-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“treatment-related effect [52,54,55].”
Defining cognitive and functional profiles in schizophrenia and affective disorders
Huang, Y., Lee, Y., Lee, C., Lin, P., Hung, C., Lee, S.-Y., & Wang, L. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2459-y · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sellwood, W., Morrison, A. P., Beck, R., Heffernan, S., Law, H., & Bentall, R. P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083774 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS; [18,19] is a battery of neurocognitive tests that assesses domains of cognition found to be most impaired and most strongly correlated with outcome in patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.”
MethodBaandrup, L., Fagerlund, B., & Glenthoj, B. Y. (2016) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-016-0711-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Terachi, S., Yamada, T., Pu, S., Yokoyama, K., Matsumura, H., & Kaneko, K. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.058 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“MARK age (Keefe et al., 2008).”
Yoshida, T., Suga, M., Arima, K., Muranaka, Y., Tanaka, T., Eguchi, S., Lin, C., Yoshida, S., Ishikawa, M., Higuchi, Y., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020469 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Although the BACS includes only four of the seven cognitive domains of the MATRICS initiative [16,17], the CSB includes all the seven cognitive domains [18,19].”
MethodHochberger, W. C., Hill, S. K., Nelson, C., Reilly, J. L., Keefe, R. S. E., Pearlson, G. D., Keshavan, M. S., Tamminga, C. A., Clementz, B. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.11.022 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…Schizophrenia (BACS) neuropsychological battery was designed to be easily and quickly administered (in b35 min), and sensitive to the profile of generalized rsity of Medicine and Science, icago, IL 60064, United States. ll). impairment seen in schizophrenia (Keefe et al., 2004; Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationBalzan, R. P., Mattiske, J. K., Delfabbro, P., Liu, D., & Galletly, C. A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby152 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Allott, K., McGorry, P. D., Yuen, H. P., Firth, J., Proffitt, T., Berger, G. E., Maruff, P. T., O’Regan, M. K., Papas, A., Stephens, T. C. B., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Matsui, K., Tokumasu, T., Takekita, Y., Inada, K., Kanazawa, T., Kishimoto, T., Takasu, S., Tani, H., Tarutani, S., Hashimoto, N., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.030 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Ma, M., Lepilkina, T. A., Rupchev, G., Герович, Б. А., Burminskiy, D. S., Потанин, С. С., Bondarenko, E. V., Kazey, V. I., Lavrovsky, Y., & Ivachtchenko, A. V. (2013) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852913000394 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Pro-cognitive effect of a prebiotic in psychosis: a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study
Kao, A. C.-C., Safarikova, J., Marquardt, T., Mullins, B., Lennox, B. R., & Burnet, P. W. J. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence and cognitive abilities – associations and sex differences
Pardeller, S., Frajo-Apor, B., Kemmler, G., & Hofer, A. (2016) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1255766 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“…were assessed with the the German version (Sachs, Winklbaur, Jagsch, & Keefe, 2011) of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS, Keefe et al., 2008), which assesses verbal memory (list learning), working memory (digit sequencing), motor speed (token motor task), verbal fluency…”
MethodLencer, R., Mills, L. J., Alliey‐Rodriguez, N., Shafee, R., Lee, A. M., Reilly, J. L., Sprenger, A., McDowell, J. E., McCarroll, S. A., Keshavan, M. S., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.210 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Validation of the Chinese version of Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia
Wang, L., Lin, P., Lee, Y., Huang, Y., Hsu, S., Hung, C., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., & Tsai, M. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s118110 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The normative data of the Chinese version of the BACS have been established using a representative community sample in Taiwan (unpublished data), and notable differences in verbal tests and executive function were found when compared to the norms developed in the US.”
InfluentialWang, L., Chen, C., Lin, S., Chen, Y., Xu, K., & Huang, M. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4910-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sachs, G., Winklbaur, B., Jagsch, R., & Keefe, R. S. E. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.10.006 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The original version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) has already been standardized and normative data were collected from 404 healthy controls with demographic characteristics matching the 2005 United States Census of English speakers [12,14].”
MethodSelf-citationAssociations Between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Cognition in Patients With Schizophrenia
Goughari, A. S., Mazhari, S., Pourrahimi, A. M., Sadeghi, M., & Nakhaee, N. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000065 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Weiser, M., Gershon, A. A., Rubinstein, K., Petcu, C., Ladea, M., Sima, D., Podea, D. M., Keefe, R. S. E., & Davis, J. M. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.014 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Baseline Week 8 Outcome measure Group N Score Between groups N Score Within group vs. baseline Cohen's d Between groups t p t p t p Total verbal memory Allopurinol 115 −2.16±1.5 1.22 0.22 100 −1.9±1.37 −2.81 0.006 0.18 1.38 0.17 Placebo 114 −1.92±1.38 97 −1.63±1.37 −3.03 0.003 0.21 Digit sequencing Allopurinol 115 −2.…”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationRamsay, I. S., Mueller, B. A., Ma, Y., Shen, C., & Sponheim, S. R. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002793 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“, 2004), with composite scores across cognitive domains that included verbal learning and memory, working memory, verbal fluency, motor speed, processing speed, and problem solving (Keefe et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWang, L., Huang, Y., Hung, C., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Lee, P.-Y., Wang, S., Liu, M.-H., Lin, C., & Hsu, S. (2016) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acw100 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Testing trait depression as a potential clinical domain in schizophrenia
Chiappelli, J., Kochunov, P. V., DeRiso, K., Thangavelu, K., Sampath, H., Muellerklein, F., Nugent, K. L., Postolache, T. T., Carpenter, W. T., & Hong, L. E. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Scores were calculated as t scores according to population norms based on age for the Digit Symbol Coding task, and age and sex for the Digit Sequencing task (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodCerebellar-Stimulation Evoked Prefrontal Electrical Synchrony Is Modulated by GABA
Du, X. M., Rowland, L. M., Summerfelt, A. T., Choa, F., Wittenberg, G. F., Wisner, K., Wijtenburg, A., Chiappelli, J., Kochunov, P. V., & Hong, L. E. (2018) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-018-0945-2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Working memory capacity was assessed using the digit sequencing task [39].”
MethodHaining, K., Gajwani, R., Groß, J., Gumley, A. I., Ince, R. A. A., Lawrie, S. M., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Schwannauer, M., & Uhlhaas, P. J. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01315-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“[48], BACS raw scores for each cognitive domain were converted into standardized z-scores using the means and standard deviations (SDs) of sex-specific HCs.”
MethodDisrupted glucocorticoid—Immune interactions during stress response in schizophrenia
Chiappelli, J., Shi, Q., Kodi, P., Savransky, A., Kochunov, P. V., Rowland, L. M., Nugent, K. L., & Hong, L. E. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.010 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Scores were calculated as t scores according to population norms for the Digit Symbol Coding task and the Digit Sequencing task (Keefe et al, 2008).”
MethodReilly, J. L., Hill, S. K., Gold, J. M., Keefe, R. S. E., Clementz, B. A., Gershon, E. S., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., & Sweeney, J. A. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw081 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased Peripheral Interleukin 10 Relate to White Matter Integrity in Schizophrenia
Fu, G., Zhang, W., Dai, J., Liu, J., Li, F. Y., Wu, D., Xiao, Y., Shah, C., Sweeney, J. A., Wu, M. C., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00052 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gotra, M. Y., Hill, S. K., Gershon, E. S., Tamminga, C. A., Ivleva, E. I., Pearlson, G. D., Keshavan, M. S., Clementz, B. A., McDowell, J. E., Buckley, P. F., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.033 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“The BACS consists of six subtests which together comprise a composite score, corrected for age and gender using stratified norms and expressed as a z-score (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodKristensen, T. D., Mandl, R. C. W., Raghava, J. M., Jessen, K., Jepsen, J. R. M., Fagerlund, B., Glenthøj, L. B., Wenneberg, C., Krakauer, K., Pantelis, C., et al. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24765 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Cognitive functions were assessed using selected tests from the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia battery (Keefe et al., 2008): list-Learning, digit sequencing, fluency, and symbol coding; as well as tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB; Sahakian &…”
MethodCognitive Function in Individuals With Psychosis: Moderation by Adolescent Cannabis Use
Hanna, R. C., Shalvoy, A. M., Cullum, C. M., Ivleva, E. I., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Hill, S. K., Sweeney, J. A., Tamminga, C. A., & Ghose, S. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Eum, S., Hill, S. K., Alliey‐Rodriguez, N., Stevenson, J. M., Rubin, L. H., Lee, A. M., Mills, L. J., Reilly, J. L., Lencer, R., Keedy, S., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01057-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Z., Meda, S. A., Keshavan, M. S., Tamminga, C. A., Sweeney, J. A., Clementz, B. A., Schretlen, D. J., Calhoun, V. D., Lui, S., & Pearlson, G. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00174 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“To assess whether the estimated ICA joint sources were associated with clinical symptoms, cognitive, or general socio-functioning, we derived associations between the residuals of the independent components and PANSS, MADRS, YMRS, BACS, and SFS scores across all available subjects.”
MethodInfluentialBattini, V., Cirnigliaro, G., Leuzzi, R., Rissotto, E., Mosini, G., Benatti, B., Pozzi, M., Nobile, M., Radice, S., Carnovale, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215807 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Moreover, pharmacological cognitive enhancers in SCZ have limited efficacy and tolerability issues (17–19).”
BackgroundInfluentialIncorporating cortisol into the NAPLS2 individualized risk calculator for prediction of psychosis
Worthington, M., Walker, E. F., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cornblatt, B. A., Mathalon, D. H., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.022 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“unusual thought content and suspiciousness); score on the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) symbol coding test (Keefe et al., 2008); score on the Hopkins Verbal Learning TestRevised (HVLT-R) (Benedict et al.”
MethodGodlewska, B. R., Minichino, A., Emir, U. E., Angelescu, I., Lennox, B., Micunovic, M., Howes, O. D., & Cowen, P. J. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01477-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Scores are corrected for age and gender using stratified norms and expressed as a z-score [14].”
MethodWeiser, M., Zamora, D., Levi, L. W., Nastas, I., Gonen, I., Radu, P., Matei, V. P., Nacu, A., Boronin, L., Davidson, M., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa198 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cholet, J., Sauvaget, A., Vanelle, J., Hommet, C., Mondon, K., Mamet, J.-P., & Camus, V. (2014) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12171 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Deviation from expected cognitive ability across psychotic disorders
Hochberger, W. C., Combs, T., Reilly, J. L., Bishop, J. R., Keefe, R. S. E., Clementz, B. A., Keshavan, M. S., Pearlson, G. D., Tamminga, C. A., Hill, S. K., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Subtest scores were converted to z-scores using published norms (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodSelf-citationWeller, A., Gleeson, J., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Allott, K., Bendall, S., Bartholomeusz, C., Koval, P., Harrigan, S., et al. (2018) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12769 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Abbreviations: AES, adverse events; BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CDSS, The Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; DASS, The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; EBIRT, evidence-based intensive recovery treatment;…”
BackgroundMethodParker, D., Trotti, R. L., McDowell, J. E., Keedy, S., Hill, S. K., Gershon, E. S., Ivleva, E. I., Pearlson, G. D., Keshavan, M. S., Tamminga, C. A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20071043 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Syntactic Network Analysis in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders
Ciampelli, S., de Boer, J. N., Voppel, A., Hernández, H. C., Brederoo, S., van Dellen, E., Mota, N. B., & Sommer, I. E. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac194 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yamamuro, K., Makinodan, M., Kimoto, S., Kishimoto, N., Morimoto, T., Toritsuka, M., Matsuoka, K., Takebayashi, Y., Takata, T., Takahashi, M., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep12107 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Cognitive deficit awareness in schizophrenia: absent, intact, or somewhere in-between?
Balzan, R., Neaves, A., Denson, L., Liu, D., & Galletly, C. (2014) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2014.909311 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Haining, K., Matrunola, C., Mitchell, L., Gajwani, R., Gross, J., Gumley, A., Lawrie, S., Schwannauer, M., Schultze-Lutter, F., & Uhlhaas, P. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003975 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Characterizing speech heterogeneity in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
Oomen, P. P., de Boer, J. N., Brederoo, S., Voppel, A., Brand, B. A., Wijnen, F. N. K., & Sommer, I. E. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000736 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…n = 31) using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS; Keefe et al., 2004), which consists of the following tasks: Individual BACS scores were converted into standardized z scores that are corrected for age and gender based on previously published norm scores (Keefe et al., 2008).”
MethodLee, C., Wang, L., Lee, Y. S., Hung, C., Huang, Y., Lee, M.-I., & Lee, S.-Y. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700229x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“A composite score is subsequently calculated by comparing each patient’s performance in each test to that of a healthy comparison group, which is the T- or Z-score of that sum (Keefe et al. 2008).”
Method
- Authors
- KEEFE, R., HARVEY, P., GOLDBERG, T., GOLD, J., WALKER, T., KENNEL, C., & HAWKINS, K.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Zucker Hillside Hospital (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- KEEFE, R
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 108-115
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018927895
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia, BACS
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cognition Disorders, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Control Groups, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
