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Risks of organic UV filters: a review of environmental and human health concern studies
Abstract
Organic UV filters are compounds that absorb UV irradiation by their highly conjugated structure. With the developing consciousness over the last century of the skin damage UV radiation can cause, the demand for organic UV filters has risen, for use not only in sunscreens, but also in other personal care products. The massive production and usage of these organic UV filters has resulted in extensive release into the aquatic environment, and thereby making an important group of emerging contaminants. Considering the widespread occurrence of organic UV filters in not only ambient water, but also sediment, soil and even indoor dust, their threats towards the health of living organisms have been a subject of active investigation. In this review article, we present an overall review of existing knowledge on the risks of organic UV filters from the aspects of both environmental and human health impacts. As for the environment, some organic UV filters are proven to bioaccumulate in various kinds of aquatic organisms, and further to have adverse effects on different kinds of animal models. Toxicological studies including in vivo and in vitro studies are important and effective means to ascertain the effects and mechanisms of organic UV filters on both the ecosystem and humans. Subsequent concerns arise that these compounds will affect human health in the long term. This review concludes by suggesting future lines of research based on the remaining knowledge gaps.
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“The contamination of terrestrial environment could also occurred by wastewaters discharges, disposal of product packages in inappropriate locations, and even in indoor dust that drives to an environment issue, contaminating both land and terrestrial organisms [84].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Bioaccumulation and toxicological effects are the main issues associated with marine contamination by UV filters that could induce the persistence of these emergent contaminants through the food chain [84].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“It is noteworthy mentioning that the presence of these compounds in marine waters, will after some time deposit in sediments, contributing for the bioaccumulation in both marine and terrestrial organisms, through absorption, abiotic and biotic degradation, hydrolysis, and photolysis [84,86,87].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [84]
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Occurrence, Distribution, and Fate of Organic UV Filters in Coral Communities
Tsui, M. M. P., Lam, J. C. W., Ng, T. Y., Ang, P. O., Murphy, M. B., & Lam, P. K. S. (2017) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b05211 · Cited by 228
Hormonal activity, cytotoxicity and developmental toxicity of UV filters
Balázs, A., Krifaton, C., Orosz, I., Szoboszlay, S., Kovács, R., Csenki, Z., Urbányi, B., & Kriszt, B. (2016) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.037 · Cited by 103
Toxicity effects of the organic UV-filter 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor in zebrafish embryos
Quintaneiro, C., Teixeira, B., Benedé, J. L., Chisvert, A., Soares, A. M. V. M., & Monteiro, M. S. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.096 · Cited by 66
Chemical UV filters mimic the effect of progesterone on Ca2+ signaling in human sperm cells
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Toxicity of UV filters on marine bacteria: Combined effects with damaging solar radiation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mustieles, V., Balogh, R. K., Axelstad, M., Montazeri, P., Marquez, S., Vrijheid, M., Draskau, M. K., Taxvig, C., Peinado, F., Berman, T., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107739 · Cited by 161
“Indeed, BP-3, together with other organic UV filters, represents a concern for aquatic life (DiNardo and Downs, 2018; Huang et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWater Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues
Richardson, S. D., & Ternes, T. A. (2021) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04640 · Cited by 239
Advanced Aramid Fibrous Materials: Fundamentals, Advances, and Beyond
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Nano-Structured Lignin as Green Antioxidant and UV Shielding Ingredient for Sunscreen Applications
Piccinino, D., Capecchi, E., Tomaino, E., Gabellone, S., Gigli, V., Avitabile, D., & Saladino, R. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10020274 · Cited by 170
“Risks for human health are also associated to UV filters [16] as a consequence of phototoxic and photoallergic responses and, in the long term, photoaging and cell damage [17].”
BackgroundUV Filters: Challenges and Prospects
Jesus, A., Sousa, E., Cruz, M., Cidade, H., Lobo, J., & Almeida, I. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph15030263 · Cited by 132
Environmental impacts due to the use of sunscreen products: a mini-review
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“This is worrying, since certain UV agents, such as oxybenzone, can be characterized as hormonal disruptors, and further highlights the toxic effect of biomagnification in humans (Huang et al. 2021).”
BackgroundAssessment of human exposure to benzophenone-type UV filters: A review.
Mao, J. F., Li, W., Ong, C., He, Y.-L., Jong, M.-C., & Gin, K. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107405 · Cited by 101
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Photoprotection: Current developments and controversies
Pellacani, G., Lim, H. W., Stockfleth, E., Sibaud, V., Brugués, A. O., & Saint Aroman, M. (2024) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19677 · Cited by 56
“50,51 UV filters associated with these allergic reactions include with dibenzoylmethanes (avobenzone), cinnamates and ben-zophenones.”
BackgroundThe Use of Calcium Phosphates in Cosmetics, State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Carella, F., Degli Esposti, L., Adamiano, A., & Iafisco, M. (2021) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma14216398 · Cited by 49
“Moreover, the high refractive index of inorganic filters decreases the aesthetic value of sunscreens due to the unnatural white color acquired by the skin after application [179,180].”
BackgroundZhou, H., Hu, X., Liu, M., & Yin, D. (2023) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2023.117170 · Cited by 57
Weathering effect triggers the sorption enhancement of microplastics against oxybenzone
Hanun, J. N., Hassan, F., Theresia, L., Chao, H., Bu, H. M., Rajendran, S., Kataria, N., Yeh, C.-F., Show, P. L., Khoo, K. S., et al. (2023) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2023.103112 · Cited by 51
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Khaliha, S., Marforio, T. D., Kovtun, A., Mantovani, S., Bianchi, A., Navacchia, M., Zambianchi, M., Bocchi, L., Boulanger, N., Iakunkov, A., et al. (2021) · FlatChem · doi:10.1016/j.flatc.2021.100283 · Cited by 35
“The selection of ECs includes drugs as Ofloxacin (OFLOX) [32], a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, Bisphenol A (BPA) [3], used in food and drink packaging, and Benzophenone-3 (BP3) [33], which use in organic UV filters has resulted in extensive release into the aquatic environment”
BackgroundMa, Q., Zhang, Y., Huangfu, Y., Gao, S., Zhou, C., Rong, H., Deng, L., Dong, A., & Zhang, J. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c21990 · Cited by 37
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“The 6 UV filters in this study, however, have been evaluated for their ED potential using a variety of in silico , in vitro , and in vivo studies (Huang et al. , 2021; Krause et al. , 2012; Witorsch and Thomas, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultHuman-Hair-Derived Natural Particles as Multifunctional Sunscreen for Effective UV Protection
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Carneiro, R. B., Nika, M., Gil‐Solsona, R., Diamanti, K. S., Τhomaidis, Ν. S., Corominas, L., & Gago-Ferrero, P. (2024) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-024-05596-z · Cited by 29
“…ac t a l l e r gy r eac ti on s , e ndo c r i n e d i s r up ti on , po t e n ti a l a ss o c i a ti on w it h ca n ce r a nd d i a b e t e s [ 40 , 41 ] P a r a b e n s P e r s on a l ca r e p r odu c t s , c o s m e ti c s , ph a r m ace u ti ca l s , f ood p r odu c t s , i ndu s t r i a l p r…”
UV filters and their impact on marine life: state of the science, data gaps, and next steps
Lebaron, P. (2022) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.18198 · Cited by 31
Halogenated ingredients of household and personal care products as emerging endocrine disruptors
Klančič, V., Gobec, M., & Jakopin, Ž. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134824 · Cited by 26
“S4 for structures of representative organic UV filters) (Huang et al., 2021).”
Lorigo, M., Quintaneiro, C., Breitenfeld, L., & Cairrão, E. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142218 · Cited by 26
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Natural Polyphenol-Inspired Polymer towards Multifunction and High Performance
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Chemicals of Emerging Arctic Concern in north-western Spitsbergen snow: Distribution and sources
D'Amico, M., Kallenborn, R., Scoto, F., Gambaro, A., Gallet, J., Spolaor, A., & Vecchiato, M. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168401 · Cited by 23
“Generally, organic UVFs are applied as a blend within different products to increase the UV absorption range (Huang et al., 2021).”
Zhou, Y., Wang, P., Li, J., Zhao, Y., Huang, Y., Leung, K. S., Shi, H., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138073 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSorption Behavior, Speciation, and Toxicity of Microplastic-Bound Chromium in Multisolute Systems
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“UV filters such as EHMC, OD-PABA, and 4 ′ -MAP were associated with delayed pubertal development in boys [39, 46] while OD-PABA was associated with earlier pubertal development in girls [16].”
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“In indoor dust samples from eastern China, the total concentration of four UV-filters ranged from 66.6 to 56,123 ng/g (Huang et al., 2021b).”
InfluentialNeurotoxicity of Benzotriazole Ultraviolet Stabilizers in Teleost Fishes: A Review
Li, M., Ivantsova, E., Liang, X., & Martyniuk, C. J. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12020125 · Cited by 21
“Similar molecular events have also been observed in Asian clams ( Corbic-ula fluminea ) [68], where impairment of the oxidative defense system induced by BUVSs triggered an increase in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, causing accelerated filtration and tissue damage, suggesting that the…”
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“These ingredients are persistent in the environment and toxic to coral reefs and other aquatic life [30].”
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Microalgae‐based sunscreens as green and sustainable cosmetic products
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“In the first mechanism, microalgae products act as an organic UV filter, probably reducing the need for more synthetic molecules that may cause environmental and human health damage [20].”
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A narrative review of the impact of ultraviolet radiation and sunscreen on the skin microbiome
Grant, G. J., Kohli, I., & Mohammad, T. F. (2023) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12943 · Cited by 21
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Microplastics enhance the toxicity and phototoxicity of UV filter avobenzone on Daphnia magna
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Gone with the flow - Assessment of personal care products in Portuguese rivers.
Homem, V., Llompart, M., Vila, M., Ribeiro, A. R. L., García-Jares, C., Ratola, N., & Celeiro, M. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133552 · Cited by 17
UV filters in everyday cosmetic products, a comparative study
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“Therefore, it is urgent to develop some efficient sunscreens to protect the skin from UV damage [2].”
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Jaboticaba, a Brazilian jewel, source of antioxidant and wound healing promoter
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“On the other hand, bioaccumulation may harm other organisms and humans through amplification in the food chain (Huang et al. 2021).”
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Occurrence and bioconcentration of organic UV filters in primary marine consumers
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Organic UV filters mixture exposure and childhood adiposity: A prospective follow-up study in China
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“Because of their increasing industrial production, the aquatic environment has been overloaded with these chemicals that can be widely detected in water, sediments, and biota [5].”
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Self-citationTwo-Dimensional TiO2 Ultraviolet Filters for Sunscreens
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“However, these organic UV-blocking additives are prone to degradation and loss of efficacy during photoactivation [7].”
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Transparent metal-oxide photovoltaics for energy harvesting and storage for sustainable platforms
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“Studies have detected BPs in human fluids such as urine, blood, and breast milk [15].”
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“The increased demand for UV fi lters has resulted in the substantial release of oxybenzone and other benzophenone-type fi lter materials into the environment, and a greater concern for the potential damage that these emerging contaminants might cause in aquatic and other living organisms [61].”
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“However, caution is warranted, excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation can harm living cells, while overly high doses of chlorine can pose poten - tial biological risks [71].”
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“UVfs are found in many personal-care products, but also in packaging, plastics, dyes, and many other goods (e.g. ((Li et al., 2007; Wechsler and Hiziroglu, 2007; Szente and Fenyvesi, 2018; Yang et al., 2019, 2019; Huang et al., 2021).”
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“In response to this situation, organic ultraviolet (UV) filters (OUVFs, a collective term for aromatic organic compounds with carbonyl conjugates or heterocycles) with UV-A (315-400 nm) and UV-B (280-315 nm) absorption properties are widely produced and added to personal care products such as sunscreens and skin care…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, Y., Law, J. C.-F., Lam, T.-K., & Leung, K. S.-Y.
- Affiliations
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Leung, Kelvin Sze-Yin
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-02
- Volume
- 755
- Issue
- Pt 1
- Pages
- 142486
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3087919956
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 18
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality (JCYJ20170817173243420)
- University Grants Committee
- Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (HKBU 12331316, 12303017)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Keywords
- organic UV filters, sunscreen ingredients, personal care products, emerging contaminants, aquatic ecosystem pollution, bioaccumulation, ecotoxicity, human health risk, toxicological studies, UV protection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cosmetics, Humans, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Ecosystem, Aquatic Organisms
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