From polyvinyl chloride waste to activated carbons: the role of occurring additives on porosity development and gas adsorption properties
Abstract
Conversion of waste plastic to carbon materials has been considered as a potential approach for plastic recycling. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, one of the most widely used polymers, was used as a single precursor to prepare porous carbons via chemical activation process. The results showed that KOH activation followed by acid washing was an effective strategy to recover all calcium- and up to 92% of titanium-based compounds, the main metal additives in PVC, in the form of soluble salt. Those metal additives in PVC acted as a type of hard template, which benefit the development of microporosity and carbon dioxide (CO 2) adsorption. Textural characterization demonstrated that the prepared carbons possessed high surface area and pore volume of up to 2507 m 2/g and 1.11 cm 3/g, respectively. At 0 °C and 100 kPa, the PVC-derived carbon, PH_73, which has highest ultra-micropore volume among all samples, exhibited excellent CO 2 adsorption capacity of 6.90 mmol/g and high CO 2/N 2 selectivity. Converting the non-degradable PVC into high-quality porous carbon materials could be considered as a potential strategy for plastic waste recycling.
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The resulting porous carbon achieved a CO2 adsorption capacity of 6.90 mmol/g under 0 °C/100 kPa.
“The resulting porous carbon achieved a CO 2 adsorption capacity of 6.90 mmol/g under 0 °C/100 kPa.”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
During chemical activation, metal additives such as Ca and Ti in PVC can act as inorganic templates.
“During chemical activation, metal additives (e.g., Ca, Ti) can act as inorganic templates.”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
An acid washing step recovered 92% of the metals while simultaneously optimizing the porous carbon's pore size distribution.
“An acid washing step recovered 92% of the metals while simultaneously optimizing the porous carbon's pore size distribution.”
From Functional carbon materials from waste plastics: synthesis and applications (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
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From waste to resource: Upcycling strategies for plastic pollution reduction
Lim, K. Y., & Foo, K. Y. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45248-2.00015-8
Feedstock-Driven Design of CO2 Sorbents via Chemical Upcycling of Plastics and Elastomers
Lee, S., Park, G., Gragasin, L. K. D., & Hong, S. H. (2026) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.6c14604
- Authors
- Liu, X., Yang, F., Li, M., Wang, S., & Sun, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Chenggong
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 833
- Pages
- 154894
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4221050118
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 3.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- UK Research and Innovation
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/P026214/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- polyvinyl chloride, plastic recycling, activated carbon, KOH activation, acid washing, metal additives, hard templates, microporosity, CO2 adsorption, CO2/N2 selectivity, calcium recovery, titanium recovery, waste-derived carbon
- MeSH terms
- Adsorption, Carbon Dioxide, Charcoal, Polyvinyl Chloride, Porosity
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