Congestion mitigation in unbalanced residential networks with OPF-based demand management

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A simplified version of the MILP problem was presented in a previous paper [29].

“A simplified version of the MILP problem was presented in a previous paper [29].”

• cites [29] Vanin, 2020, Comparison of linear and conic power flow formulations for unbalanced low voltage network optimization, Electr. Power Syst. Res. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The basic MILP problem in [29] is here extended with user comfort constraints and is framed in a DSO-user contractual scheme which is applicable in real life.

“The basic MILP problem in [29] is here extended with user comfort constraints and is framed in a DSO-user contractual scheme which is applicable in real life.”

• cites [29] Vanin, 2020, Comparison of linear and conic power flow formulations for unbalanced low voltage network optimization, Electr. Power Syst. Res. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The MILP formulation used is three-phase unbalanced, which gives a better distribution system representation than balanced models while remaining computationally tractable.

“The MILP formulation used is three-phase unbalanced, which gives a better distribution system representation than balanced models (like [11], [28]), while it is still”

• cites [11] Sarker, 2015, Optimal coordination and scheduling of demand response via monetary incentives, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [28] Avramidis, 2021, Practical approximations and heuristic approaches for managing shiftable loads in the multi-period optimal power flow framework, Electr. Power Syst. Res. sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: LVDNs present a nonnegligible degree of unbalance, which requires the use of three-phase power flow equations for their realistic physical description.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The presented formulation is inspired by [34], to which the maximum reduction duration constraint (7) is added.

“The presented formulation is inspired by [34], to which the maximum reduction duration constraint (7) is added.”

• cites [34] Avramidis, 2021, A comprehensive multi-period optimal power flow framework for smart LV networks, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The approximation of the power flow equations proposed by Gan and Low [36] is a generalization of the simplified DistFlow equations and allows to model radial three-phase grids taking into account resistive losses, reactive power and voltage sag, enabling a realistic representation of distribution networks.

“The approximation of the power flow equations proposed by Gan and Low [36] is chosen, which is a generalization of the simplified DistFlow equations. It allows to model radial three-phase grids taking into account resistive losses, reactive power and voltage sag, which enable a realistic representation of distribution networks.”

• cites [36] Evangelopoulos, 2020, Flexibility services management under uncertainties for power distribution systems: Stochastic scheduling and predictive real-time dispatch, IEEE Access sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Power losses along the lines are limited.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Voltages are nearly balanced.

May combine two claims.

References [11] and [28] rely on balanced power flow equations, whereas the distribution system is unbalanced.

“References [11], [28] rely on balanced power flow equations, whereas the distribution system is unbalanced”

• cites [11] Sarker, 2015, Optimal coordination and scheduling of demand response via monetary incentives, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [28] Avramidis, 2021, Practical approximations and heuristic approaches for managing shiftable loads in the multi-period optimal power flow framework, Electr. Power Syst. Res. sourceSupported

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: LVDNs present a nonnegligible degree of unbalance, which requires the use of three-phase power flow equations for their realistic physical description.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The scope of [29] was to show that the used power flow formulation is suitable for mixed-integer problems like the one addressed in this work.

“The scope of [29] was to show that the used power flow formulation is suitable for mixed-integer problems like the one addressed in this work”

• cites [29] Vanin, 2020, Comparison of linear and conic power flow formulations for unbalanced low voltage network optimization, Electr. Power Syst. Res. sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Low voltage distribution networks are moving towards active management.

“Thus, LVDNs are moving towards active management [7].”

• cites [7] Keane, 2013, State-of-the-art techniques and challenges ahead for distributed generation planning and optimization, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. sourceCould not verify

  The available passage labeled Abstract (no page given) lists “Active network management” and “Distribution networks” as keywords, but does not say that low-voltage distribution networks are moving toward active management. Searches for the claimed transition and for low-voltage active network management found no passage addressing it. (LLM, conf=0.70)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

In the remaining 32 feeders, it takes on average 440 s to find a solution for the MINLP problem, while the MILP case is typically 3 orders of magnitude faster.

“In the remaining 32 feeders, it takes on average 440 s to find a solution for the MINLP problem, while the MILP case is typically 3 orders of magnitude faster.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The percentage of users in the feeder that needs to participate to make the modalities effective are 'ideal', as the optimizer chooses the most convenient users.

“It should be noted that these value are 'ideal', as the optimizer chooses the most convenient users.”

May combine two claims.

In the MILP case, a solution for the same feeders and problem is always found in less than 2.8 s, and on average in 0.75 s.

“In the MILP case, a solution for the same feeders and problem is always found in less than 2.8 s, and on average in 0.75 s.”

May combine two claims.

The percentage of feeders for which congestion issues are completely solved with the proposed DSM approach as the only mitigation method is 100% for Simple, 42% for Single, 44% for Double, 36% for Double w. δ, and 34% for Triple w. δ.

“Table IV reports the percentage of feeders for which congestion issues are completely solved with the proposed DSM approach as the only mitigation method.”

• Also stated in: § C. AC feasibility of MILP solution · p. 7 · plain

  “| Simple | Single | Double | Double w. δ | Triple w. δ |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For the 'simple' modality, 5 outliers are not reported in Fig. 2, with values approximately 377, 700, 1023, 1231, 1288 min/participant.

“For this modality, 5 outliers are not reported in Fig. 2, for ease of representation. Their values are approximately 377, 700, 1023, 1231, 1288 min/participant.”

May combine two claims.

The linearization adopted in this work converges in acceptable time and returns solutions that are AC-feasible, if voltage and current bounds are slightly adjusted.

“Results for 100 real Flemish low voltage feeders show that the OPF problem is not tractable using non-convex power flow equations, whereas the linearization adopted in this work does converge in acceptable time and returns solutions that are AC-feasible, if voltage and current bounds are slightly adjusted.”

May combine two claims.

Among the 32 solved feeders, the relative objective error ε was 0 in 17, between 0 and 0.5% in 12, and between 2% and 4.2% in 3.

“In 17 of the 32 solved feeders, ϵ = 0. In 12 of them, 0 < ϵ ≤ 0 . 5% . In the 3 remaining cases, 2% < ϵ ≤ 4 . 2% .”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The proposed DSM method is designed to be integrated in contracts that allow direct user-DSO interaction.

“The proposed DSM method is designed to be integrated in contracts that allow direct user-DSO interaction”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A large number of works explore the use of optimization to address residential demand management.

“A large number of works explore the use of optimization to address residential demand management; a comprehensive overview is given in [10].”

• cites [10] Esther, 2016, A survey on residential demand side management architecture, approaches, optimization models and methods, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All numerical results presented in this section are strongly influenced by the feeder characteristics and by the demand profiles.

“It should be noted that all the numerical results presented in this section are strongly influenced by the feeder characteristics and by the demand profiles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Using the guaranteed power threshold as the assumed demand during a reduction action corresponds to the worst-case scenario with respect to congestions.

“It is highly unlikely that a user's demand will equal the guaranteed power threshold. Nevertheless, this value is used, as it corresponds to the worst-case scenario with respect to congestions.”

May combine two claims.

The presented congestion mitigation solution is based on contractual agreements between users and DSOs, and falls into the category of incentive-based curtailable load programs.

“The presented congestion mitigation solution is based on contractual agreements between users and DSOs, and falls into the category of incentive-based curtailable load programs [30].”

• cites [30] B. Dupont, C. De Jonghe, K. Kessels, R. Belmans, Short-term consumer benefits of dynamic pricing, in: 8th International Conf. on the European Energy Market, Zagreb, Croatia, 2011, pp. 216–221. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

In real-life, the actual number of required participants will likely be higher, depending on how the contractual agreements are realized in real life.

“Thus, in real-life, the actual number of required participants will likely be higher, depending on how the contractual agreements are realized in real life.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The DSO can use the proposed OPF method in both the planning and operation phase of their networks.

“The DSO can use the proposed OPF method in both the planning and operation phase of their networks.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This work is based on limiting consumption to a given threshold: users can choose a guaranteed connection capacity to which they always have access, which can be seen as an electricity tariff containing a capacity based component, and is part of the contractual agreement.

“This work is based on the latter: users can choose a guaranteed connection capacity to which they always have access to, which can be seen as an electricity tariff containing a capacity based component, and is part of the contractual agreement.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The problem could be extended to include topology reconfiguration, storage, or similar, but this is not done in the present paper.

“It should be noted that while it is possible to extend the problem to additionally include topology reconfiguration, storage, or similar, this is not done in the present paper.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Section III shows and discusses results for 100 strongly congested real-life low voltage feeders.

“Section III shows and discusses results for 100 strongly congested reallife low voltage feeders.”

May combine two claims.

Reducible loads cannot be modulated continuously; continuous modulation is currently only feasible for inverter-connected devices or large industrial loads.

“Secondly, the reducible loads cannot be modulated continuously; this is currently only feasible for inverterconnected devices [18], [19] or large industrial loads [20], [21].”

• cites [18] Hu, 2014, Coordinated charging of electric vehicles for congestion prevention in the distribution grid, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [19] Rassaei, 2015, Demand response for residential electric vehicles with random usage patterns in smart grids, IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] Majumdar, 1996, Interruptible load management using optimal power flow analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The proposed congestion mitigation method combines a thorough representation of network physics with advanced constraints that ensure residential user comfort, in a scalable manner suitable for real systems.

“The main novelty of the method consists of combining a thorough representation of the network physics with advanced constraints that ensure the comfort of residential users, in a scalable manner that suits real systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

In a future scenario with increased electrification, DSOs need to explore strategies that reduce congestion risk and ensure continuous and reliable operation while postponing expensive infrastructural reinforcements where possible.

“Therefore, in view of a future scenario with increased electrification, DSOs are facing the need for exploring strategies that allow to reduce congestion risk and ensure continuous and reliable operation [6], while postponing expensive infrastructural reinforcements where possible.”

• cites [6] R. Liu, L. Dow, E. Liu, A survey of PEV impacts on electric utilities, in: IEEE PES ISGT, Anaheim, CA, USA, 2011, pp. 1–8. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Such curtailable load programs typically ask the participants to either disconnect a specific load or limit their consumption to a given threshold.

“Such curtailable load programs typically ask the participants to either disconnect a specific load or limit their consumption to a given threshold [32].”

• cites [32] A. Ng’uni, L.A. Tuan, Interruptible Load and Demand Response: Worldwide Picture and the Situation in Sweden, in: 38th North American Power Symposium, Carbondale, IL, USA, 2006, pp. 121–127. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Contractual agreements are easier to implement in the short-term future given the limited or absent remote control capabilities of LVDNs, making it interesting to assess the impact of this method alone.

“The reason is that contractual agreements are easier to implement in the short-term future, given the limited or absent remote control capabilities of LVDNs, and therefore it is interesting to assess the impact of this method alone.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

User demand is modelled individually rather than aggregated.

“For this purpose, user demand is modelled individually rather than aggregated.”

May combine two claims.

The MILP problem can be solved reasonably fast and can be adopted in operations.

“The results on computational time show that the MILP problem can be solved reasonably fast and can be adopted in operations.”

May combine two claims.

While the 'simple' modality allows to solve all scenarios, highly congested feeders would not have a MILP solution for the other modalities, due to their extra constraints.

“It should be noted that while the 'simple' modality allows to solve all scenarios (there are no limitations on the number of power reduction actions), highly congested feeders would not have a MILP solution for the other modalities, due to their extra constraints, as shown in the next section.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The proposed method aims to prevent congestion while minimizing the loss of user comfort.

“The method presented in this paper differentiates itself in that it belongs to the second category of problems: it aims to prevent congestion while minimizing the loss of user comfort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participating consumers subscribed to these programs receive economic benefits for the service they provide and can be penalized or fail to receive the reward if they do not comply with their terms.

“Participating consumers subscribed to these programs receive economic benefits for the service they provide and can be penalized or fail to receive the reward if they do not comply with their terms [31].”

• cites [31] Aalami, 2010, Demand response modeling considering interruptible/curtailable loads and capacity market programs, Appl. Energy sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The 'Triple w. δ' modality requires the highest average number of participants and presents the lowest percentage of feeders with solution, and thus is not an effective scheme.

“For example, the 'Triple w. δ ' modality requires the highest average number of participants and presents the lowest percentage of feeders with solution, and thus is not an effective scheme.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The effectiveness of the different contractual modalities may change with the scenario, and the absolute results are strongly dependent on the scenario, so calculations should be repeated if the scenario differs.

“What might change is the effectiveness of the different contractual modalities: the absolute results are strongly dependent on the scenario and the calculations should be repeated if this differs.”

May combine two claims.

The simple modality returns the largest feasible solution space for congested scenarios, while other modalities might have no feasible solution due to additional constraints.

“The simple modality presents no guarantees for user comfort, but serves as a benchmark to compare the other four modalities: this type of modality returns the largest feasible solution space for congested scenarios, while the others might have no feasible solution due to the additional constraints.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Power generation of users that have rooftop PV panels is included in user power profiles but is not dispatchable.

“For the same reason, power generation of users that have rooftop PV panels is included in user power profiles, but is not dispatchable.”

May combine two claims.

The method can be integrated in a HEMS but does not require one; users with a contractual agreement can be notified day-ahead about the required power limitation and manage their demand accordingly.

“Furthermore, while it can be integrated in a HEMS, this is not a requirement: users who sign a contractual agreement can be timely notified about the required power limitation with day-ahead forecast results, and manage their demand accordingly.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Equations (1) to (16), with (4) as objective, form the full multi-period OPF problem.

“Equations (1) to (16), with (4) as objective, form the full multi-period OPF problem.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Power losses along the lines are limited.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Voltages are nearly balanced.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The numerical results provided in this paper are only intended as an example, and they are subjected to large variations depending on the feeder topology and the power demand pattern.

“The numerical results provided in this paper are only intended as an example, and they are subjected to large variations depending on the feeder topology and the power demand pattern.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Works on optimization for residential demand management can typically be divided into three categories depending on their objective: electricity bill minimization, user discomfort minimization, and maximization of local generation use.

“They can typically be divided into three categories, depending on their objective [10]: electricity bill minimization, user discomfort minimization and maximization of local generation use.”

• cites [10] Esther, 2016, A survey on residential demand side management architecture, approaches, optimization models and methods, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Once a satisfactory modality is found, it can be used at the operational level to calculate the next day's power reduction schedule.

“Once a satisfactory modality is found, these can be used at the operational level, to calculate the next day's power reduction schedule.”

May combine two claims.

Power reduction in this work can only occur in an ON/OFF manner, which implies the use of binary variables in the optimization problem.

“Therefore, power reduction in this work can only occur in an 'ON/OFF' manner, which implies the use of binary variables in the optimization problem.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the planning phase, calculations are performed offline to assess which socially acceptable contractual modalities are effective in relieving congestion.

“In the planning phase, calculations are performed offline, to assess which socially acceptable contractual modalities are effective in relieving congestion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The high number of EVs, combined with an exceptionally cold day, result in worst case conditions that make the feeders particularly congested.

“In particular,The high number of EVs, combined with an exceptionally cold day, result in worst case conditions that make the feeders particularly congested.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The chosen day (17/01/2016) is the coldest day of 2016 in Belgium and typically corresponds to the day with the highest residential power consumption.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

From a mathematical standpoint, the threshold is a scalar and can be assigned different values through the day or week without increasing the problem complexity.

“However, from a mathematical standpoint, the threshold is a scalar and can be assigned different values through the day or week without increasing the problem complexity.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Feeder and demand profile data have been made available by the Flemish DSO Fluvius.

“Feeder and demand profile data have been made available by the Flemish DSO: Fluvius.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed method seems promising even for the strongly congested scenarios used for this paper, as at least one third of the feeders are relieved from congestion on the worst-case day of the year, regardless of the modality, without reinforcing the infrastructure.

“The proposed method seems promising even for the strongly congested scenarios used for this paper, as at least one third of the feeders are relieved from congestion on the worst-case day of the year, regardless of the modality, without reinforcing the infrastructure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If the users are not home when asked to reduce their demand, the power limit is automatically respected, as the threshold would cover at least the basic appliances' demand.

“If the users are not home when asked to reduce their demand, the power limit is automatically respected, as the threshold would cover at least the basic appliances' demand.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The threshold is constant over time.

May combine two claims.

The MILP problem is tractable and its objective values are similar to those of the MINLP problem.

“On the other hand, the MILP problem is tractable and its objective values are similar to those of the MINLP problem.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The congestion mitigation problem is presented from the DSO perspective, exploring viable possibilities that fit the contracts between system operator and consumers.

“The congestion mitigation problem is presented from the DSO perspective, exploring a number of viable possibilities that fit the contracts between system operator and consumers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

User participation in the contractual schemes is inclusive, i.e., not bound by ownership of EVs or similar.

“User participation in the contractual schemes is inclusive, i.e., not bound by ownership of EVs or similar.”

May combine two claims.

Finding solutions for the MINLP problem takes too long for operational purposes and is impractical for planning.

“Even though the number of time steps is reduced to one fourth of that of the original problem, finding solutions for the MINLP problem takes too long for operational purposes and is also impractical for planning.”

May combine two claims.

More complex modalities seem less effective in relieving congestion issues, but when they do they require lower demand reduction from the participants.

“Finally, more complex modalities seem less effective in relieving congestion issues, but when they do they require lower demand reduction from the participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Although EVs have been chosen as the congestion-generating technology, the use of any other device or combination of devices would not have an impact on the problem formulation itself.

“Although EVs have been chosen as the 'congestion-generating' technology in this work, the use of any other device or combination of devices would not have an impact on the problem formulation itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The proposed DSM method could be framed as part of the amber phase in a Traffic Light-based network management approach.

“and could be framed as part of the amber phase in a Traffic Light-based network management approach [17].”

• cites [17] 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The method allows reduced communication and technological overhead compared to methods relying on advanced HEMS, enabling deployment with today's technology.

“This allows reduced communication and technological overhead with respect to methods that rely on advanced HEMS, enabling the deployment of the proposed approach with today's technology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The inclusion of a minimum time interval between two power reduction time windows is an original contribution to existing DSM formulations.

“To the authors' knowledge, this is an original contribution to existing DSM formulations.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The use of contractual agreements to ensure correct LVDNs operation is underaddressed in the literature.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Regardless of the modality, the solver times seem acceptable to schedule demand reduction on a day-ahead basis.

“Regardless of the modality, the solver times seem acceptable to schedule demand reduction on a day-ahead basis.”

May combine two claims.

The results show the potential of using such contractual schemes to relieve congestions, and can serve as means of investment deferral in LVDNs.

“The results show the potential of using such contractual schemes to relieve congestions, and can serve as means of investment deferral in LVDNs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The combination of constraints (5)-(8) ensures that activation and deactivation of a reduction action do not occur simultaneously.

“The combination of constraints (5)-(8) ensures that activation and deactivation of a reduction action do not occur simultaneously.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The existence of a solution is always guaranteed with the 'simple' modality, as there is no limitation on power curtailment.

“It should be noted that the existence of a solution is always guaranteed with the 'simple' modality, as there is no limitation on power curtailment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Global sales of electric vehicles and heat pumps are steadily increasing.

“In particular, the global sales of electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps are steadily increasing [1], [2]”

• cites [1] 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [2] M. Akmal, B. Fox, D.J. Morrow, T. Littler, Impact of high penetration of heat pumps on low voltage distribution networks, in: IEEE Trondheim PowerTech, Trondheim, Norway, 2011, pp. 1–7. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The exact AC power flow formulation would make the problem nonconvex and NP-hard, and mixed-integer applications proved untractable with present MINLP solvers.

“The use of the exact ('AC') power flow formulation would make the problem nonconvex and NPhard [22], and mixed-integer applications proved untractable with present MINLP solvers [35].”

• cites [22] Lehmann, 2016, AC-feasibility on tree networks is NP-hard, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [35] Saint-Pierre, 2017, Active distribution system management: A dual-horizon scheduling framework for DSO/TSO interface under uncertainty, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The cited works on demand scheduling neglect grid constraints, and therefore there is no strict control of congestion events and voltage issues along the feeders.

“All these works neglect grid constraints, and therefore there is no strict control of congestion events and voltage issues along the feeders.”

• cites [23] Z. Zhu, J. Tang, S. Lambotharan, W.H. Chin, Z. Fan, An integer linear programming based optimization for home demand-side management in smart grid, in: IEEE PES ISGT, Washington, DC, USA, 2012, pp. 1–5. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [24] A. Sepulveda, L. Paull, W.G. Morsi, H. Li, C.P. Diduch, L. Chang, A novel demand side management program using water heaters and particle swarm optimization, in: IEEE Electrical Power Energy Conference, Halifax, NS, 2010, pp. 1–5. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [13] Logenthiran, 2012, Demand side management in smart grid using heuristic optimization, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Given the objective (4), a status variable s_u,t is only subject to change whenever the feeder is congested and the forecasted consumption of a user u exceeds the guaranteed power at a time period t.

“It should be noted that given (4), a status variable s u,t is only subject to change whenever the feeder is congested and the forecasted consumption of a user u exceeds the guaranteed power at a time period t .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On a residential level, the main driver for demand-side management methods is the minimization of the electricity cost.

“Typically, on a residential level, the main driver for DSM methods is the minimization of the electricity cost (first category)”

• cites [10] Esther, 2016, A survey on residential demand side management architecture, approaches, optimization models and methods, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source