Monocyte and macrophage biology: an overview
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the biology of monocytes and macrophages. It focuses on four rapidly advancing areas that underpin recent conceptual advances, namely: (1) the bone marrow origins of monocytes and macrophages, (2) monocyte heterogeneity, (3) the early inflammatory consequences of tissue injury, and (4) current concepts of macrophage activation and their limitations.
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Prolonged presence of M1 cells leads to production of toxic reactive oxygen intermediates and results in excessive oxidative damage of the biomaterial.
“Following this initial response; however, the prolonged presence of M1 cells leads to the production of toxic reactive oxygen intermediates and results in excessive oxidative damage of the biomaterial [14,15].”
From Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
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Biomaterial based modulation of macrophage polarization: a review and suggested design principles
Sridharan, R., Cameron, A. R., Kelly, D. J., Kearney, C. J., & O’Brien, F. J. (2015) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.019 · Cited by 826 · see citing works
Anders, H., & Ryu, M. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.217 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Intestinal macrophages and response to microbial encroachment
Smith, P. D., Smythies, L. E., Shen, R., Greenwell‐Wild, T., Gliozzi, M., & Wahl, S. M. (2010) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2010.66 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
CSF-1 signaling mediates recovery from acute kidney injury
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Mesenchymal stromal cells and the innate immune response
Blanc, K. L., & Davies, L. C. (2015) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2015.05.004 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
The Renal Mononuclear Phagocytic System
Nelson, P. J., Rees, A. J., Griffin, M. D., Hughes, J., Kurts, C., & Duffield, J. S. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2011070680 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationDendritic cells and macrophages in the kidney: a spectrum of good and evil
Rogers, N. M., Ferenbach, D. A., Isenberg, J. S., Thomson, A. W., & Hughes, J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/nrneph.2014.170 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Platelet microparticles reprogram macrophage gene expression and function
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Cell sorting by endocytotic capacity in a microfluidic magnetophoresis device
Robert, D., Pamme, N., Conjeaud, H., Gazeau, F., Iles, A., & Wilhelm, C. (2011) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c0lc00656d · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Macrophages and Renal Fibrosis
Vernon, M. A., Mylonas, K. J., & Hughes, J. (2010) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.03.004 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease
Chen, L., Zhou, X., Fan, L. X., Yao, Y., Swenson-Fields, K. I., Gadjeva, M. G., Wallace, D. P., Peters, D. J. M., Yu, A. S. L., Grantham, J. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci80467 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Chen, P.-M., Liu, K., Hsu, P., Wei, C.-F., Bai, C., Ho, L., Sytwu, H., & Yen, B. L. (2014) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3a0513-242r · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Chang, J., Yao, B., Niu, A., Kelly, E., Breeggemann, M. C., Werner, S. L., Harris, R. C., & Zhang, M.-Z. (2015) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2015.295 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Engineering nanoparticles to overcome immunological barriers for enhanced drug delivery
Malachowski, T., & Hassel, A. (2020) · Engineered Regeneration · doi:10.1016/j.engreg.2020.06.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Macrophage Cyclooxygenase-2 Protects Against Development of Diabetic Nephropathy
Wang, X., Yao, B., Wang, Y., Fan, X., Wang, S., Niu, A., Yang, H., Fogo, A. B., Zhang, M., & Harris, R. C. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-0773 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Targeting Endogenous Repair Pathways after AKI
Humphreys, B. D., Cantaluppi, V., Portilla, D., Singbartl, K., Yang, L., Rosner, M. H., Kellum, J. A., & Ronco, C. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2015030286 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Role of interstitial inflammation in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease
Ta, M. H. T., Harris, D. C. H., & Rangan, G. K. (2013) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12045 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Wang, S., Zhang, C., Li, J., Niyazi, S., Zheng, L., Xu, M., Rong, R., Yang, C., & Zhu, T. (2017) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2017.104 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
In vitro immunomodulation of magnesium on monocytic cell toward anti-inflammatory macrophages
Sun, L., Li, X., Xu, M., Yang, F., Wang, W., & Niu, X. (2020) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbaa010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Biomaterials in orthopaedics: the past and future with immune modulation
Im, G. (2020) · Biomaterials Research · doi:10.1186/s40824-020-0185-7 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Novitskaya, T., McDermott, L. A., Zhang, K. X., Chiba, T., Paueksakon, P., Hukriede, N. A., & de Caestecker, M. P. (2013) · American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00534.2013 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Mukherjee, S., Darzi, S., Paul, K., Werkmeister, J. A., & Gargett, C. E. (2019) · Interface Focus · doi:10.1098/rsfs.2018.0089 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
How cells engulf: a review of theoretical approaches to phagocytosis
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Reyes‐Farias, M., Vásquez, K. Y., Ovalle-Marin, A., Fuentes, F., Parra-Ruiz, C., Vilma Quitral, R., Jiménez, P., & García‐Díaz, D. F. (2014) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2014.0031 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Kudryavtseva, V., Stankevich, K. S., Gudima, A., Kibler, E., Zhukov, Y. M., Больбасов, Е. Н., Malashicheva, A., Zhuravlev, M. V., Riabov, V., Liu, T., et al. (2017) · Materials & Design · doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.04.079 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Activation and polarization of circulating monocytes in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Immune modulatory properties of 6-gingerol and resveratrol in Atlantic salmon macrophages
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Pro-resolving lipid mediators: Agents of anti-ageing?
Doyle, R., Sadlier, D. M., & Godson, C. (2018) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2018.09.002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
The EPO-FGF23 Signaling Pathway in Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Opening a New Area of Research
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Cellular orchestrators of renal fibrosis
Conway, B. R., & Hughes, J. (2011) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcr235 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mononuclear phagocyte system in kidney disease and repair
Alikhan, M. A., & Ricardo, S. D. (2012) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Update on crescentic glomerulonephritis
Hénique, C., Papista, C., Guyonnet, L., Lenoir, O., & Tharaux, P. (2014) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-014-0435-7 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Collins-McMillen, D. K., Stevenson, E. V., Kim, J. H., Lee, B.-J., Cieply, S. J., Nogalski, M. T., Chan, G. C. T., Frost, R. W., Spohn, C. R., & Yurochko, A. D. (2017) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00622-17 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Macrophages and Kidney Transplantation
Chadban, S. J., Wu, H., & Hughes, J. (2010) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2010.03.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Yang, L., Zhou, J., Yu, K., Yang, S., Sun, T., Ji, Y., Xiong, Z., & Guo, X. (2020) · Materials Science and Engineering C · doi:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111641 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Monocytes Derived from Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Al-Chaqmaqchi, H., Moshfegh, A., Dadfar, E., Paulsson, J. M., Hassan, M., Jacobson, S. H., & Lundahl, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068937 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mallis, P., Michalopoulos, Ε., Chatzistamatiou, T. K., & Stavropoulos‐Giokas, C. (2021) · Exploration of Immunology · doi:10.37349/ei.2021.00010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ramanathan, R., Kohli, A., Ingaramo, M., Jain, A., Leng, S. X., Punjabi, N. M., Walston, J. D., & Fedarko, N. S. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glt022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
3D Organoids for Regenerative Endodontics
Li, F.-C., & Kishen, A. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13060900 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Suchy, D., Łabuzek, K., Bułdak, Ł., Szkudłapski, D., & Okopień, B. (2014) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.04.008 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Inui, M., Tazawa, K., Kishi, Y., & Takai, T. (2015) · BMC Immunology · doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0086-z · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Peptide hydrogel in vitro non‐inflammatory potential
Markey, A., Workman, V. L., Bruce, I. A., Woolford, T. J., Derby, B., Miller, A. F., Cartmell, S. H., & Saiani, A. (2016) · Journal of Peptide Science · doi:10.1002/psc.2940 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tsakiris, I., Törőcsik, D., Gyöngyösi, A., Dózsa, A., Szatmári, I., Szántó, A., Soós, G., Nemes, Z., Igali, L., Márton, I. J., et al. (2011) · Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1038/labinvest.2011.168 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Inflammation and necrosis syndrome is associated with alterations in blood and metabolism in pigs
Loewenstein, F., Becker, S., Kuehling, J., Schrade, H., Lechner, M., Ringseis, R., Eder, K., Moritz, A., & Reiner, G. (2022) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-021-03107-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wang, G., Zhang, C., Kambara, H., Dambrot, C., Xie, X., Zhao, L., Xu, R., Oneglia, A., Liu, F., & Luo, H. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.875991 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
TLR2 activation induces antioxidant defence in human monocyte-macrophage cell line models
Karwaciak, I., Gorzkiewicz, M., Bartosz, G., & Pułaski, Ł. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.17342 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rahaman, J., & Mukherjee, D. (2025) · Applied Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.apmt.2025.102753 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Li, M., Yin, H., Chen, M., Deng, H., Tian, G., Guo, W., Yi, G., Guo, Q., Chen, Z., & Liu, S. (2023) · Biomaterials Science · doi:10.1039/d2bm00526c · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rahaman, J., & Mukherjee, D. (2026) · ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5c01385 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Association between TLR4 and PTEN Involved in LPS-TLR4 Signaling Response
Yin, H., Tan, Y. H., Wu, X., Yan, H., Liu, F., Yao, Y., Jiang, J., Wan, Q., & Li, L. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/6083178 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Li, X.-S., Li, Z.-H., Cai, D., Li, Y., Zhu, Y., Jiao, R., Lai, C., Sun, J.-X., & Bai, W.-B. (2023) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03119 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Impaired function of Fanconi anemia type C-deficient macrophages
Liu, Y., Ballman, K. K., Li, D., Khan, S., Derr-Yellin, E. C., Shou, W., & Haneline, L. S. (2011) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0811418 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Monocytes and Macrophages and Their Disorders
Souza, C. D., & Eren, M. V. (2022) · Schalm's Veterinary Hematology · doi:10.1002/9781119500537.ch49 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Chen, T., Rotival, M., Chiu, L.-Y., Bagnati, M., Ko, J., Srivastava, P. K., Petretto, E. G., Pusey, C. D., Lai, P., Aitman, T. J., et al. (2017) · Genetics · doi:10.1534/genetics.116.197376 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Culture and Differentiation of Monocyte Derived Macrophages Using Human Serum: An Optimized Method
Jazi, M. S., Mohammadi, S., & Sedighi, S. (2016) · Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.17795/zjrms-7362 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
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Macrophages and Transplant Rejection
Tse, G. H., & Hughes, J. (2013) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0b013e3182a4bf20 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species on Monocyte and Macrophage Biology
Jimenez‐Trinidad, F. R., Morini, S., Buffon, A., Prisco, A. D., Galati, G., Ciutiis, A. D., d’Aiello, A., Jiménez‐Altayó, F., Dantas, A. P., Liuzzo, G., et al. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15030389 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Picarsic, J. L., & Chikwava, K. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47913-4.00019-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Safdarpour, S., Nadri, P., & Azari‐Dolatabad, N. (2025) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-025-01896-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Immunomodulatory Delivery Materials for Tissue Repair
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The Role of Inflammation and Fibrosis in Cystic Kidney Disease
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A Biomaterial Model to Assess the Effects of Age in Vascularization
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Monocyte Populations Which Participate in Chronic Lung Inflammation
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Clinical and Molecular Approach to Adult-Onset, Neoplastic Monocytosis
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Modulation of monocyte responses by progressive multiple sclerosis therapy.
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ISN Forefronts Symposium 2015: The Diverse Function of Macrophages in Renal Disease
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Exosomes - the future of vaccination?
Gehrmann, U. (2011) · Figshare
In vitro immunopharmacological profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Nievergelt, A. (2011) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-006717482
Biomaterials for Tissue Engineered Cartilage Product for Orthopedic (Osteoarthritis) Reconstruction
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A perivascular perspective on the immune impacts in cerebral amyloid angiopathy
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate : regulation of receptor signalling and cross-talk with chemokines
Swan, D. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
- Authors
- Rees, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Rees, Andrew J.
- ORCID
- Rees, Andrew J.
- Venue
- Seminars in Nephrology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 216-233
- ISSN
- 0270-9295 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970087698
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Seminars in Nephrology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Keywords
- monocytes, macrophages, monocyte heterogeneity, bone marrow origin, tissue damage, inflammation, macrophage activation, monocyte differentiation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Kidney Diseases, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Monocytes, Mice
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