Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults from 2002 to 2012
Open accessAbstract
Objective Insomnia is a prevalent disorder in the United States and elsewhere. It has been associated with a range of somatic and psychiatric conditions, and adversely affects quality of life, productivity at work, and school performance. The objective of this study was to examine the trend in self-reported insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults.Methods We used data of participants aged ≥18 years from the National Health Interview Survey for the years 2002 (30,970 participants), 2007 (23,344 participants), and 2012 (34,509 participants).Results The unadjusted prevalence of insomnia or trouble sleeping increased from 17.5% (representing 37.5 million adults) in 2002 to 19.2% (representing 46.2 million adults) in 2012 (relative increase: +8.0%) (P trend <0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence increased from 17.4% to 18.8%. Significant increases were present among participants aged 18-24, 25-34, 55-64, and 65-74 years, men, women, whites, Hispanics, participants with diabetes, and participants with joint pain. Large relative increases occurred among participants aged 18-24 years (+30.9%) and participants with diabetes (+27.0%). The age-adjusted percentage of participants who reported regularly having excessive daytime sleepiness increased from 9.8% to 12.7% (P trend <0.001). Significant increases were present in most demographic groups. The largest relative increase was among participants aged 25-34 years (+49%). Increases were also found among participants with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and joint pain.Conclusions Given the deleterious effects of insomnia on health and performance, the increasing prevalence of insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults is a potentially troubling development.
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The prevalence of insomnia tends to be higher among women.
“While rates of AUD tend to be higher among men (Goldstein et al., 2015), rates of AUD are increasing among women (Han et al., 2017) and the prevalence of insomnia tends to be higher among women (Ford et al., 2015).”
From Insomnia treatment in the context of alcohol use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Ford et al., 2015
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“Sleep disorders, more frequently than other comorbidities associated with PTSD, degrade post-deployment quality of life and community integration and often persist for years after deployments (Gilbert et al., 2015; Troxel et al., 2015).”
BackgroundTrends in prevalence of short sleep duration and trouble sleeping among US adults, 2005–2018
Wang, S., Rossheim, M. E., & Nandy, R. R. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac231 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Morita, Y., Sasai-Sakuma, T., & Inoue, Y. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.03.014 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Conjoint influence of mind-wandering and sleepiness on task performance.
Stawarczyk, D., & D’Argembeau, A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/xhp0000254 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Perceived racial discrimination and risk of insomnia among middle-aged and elderly Black women
Bethea, T. N., Zhou, E. S., Schernhammer, E. S., Castro‐Webb, N., Cozier, Y. C., & Rosenberg, L. A. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz208 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“5% among African American participants [70].”
Lindell, M., & Grimby‐Ekman, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262601 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Taylor, S. S., Hughes, J. M., Coffman, C. J., Jeffreys, A. S., Ulmer, C. S., Oddone, E. Ž., Bosworth, H. B., Yancy, W. S., & Allen, K. D. (2018) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-018-1993-y · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The National Sleep Foundation's Sleep Satisfaction Tool
Ohayon, M. M., Paskow, M. J., Roach, A., Filer, C. R., Hillygus, D. S., Chen, M. C., Langer, G., & Hirshkowitz, M. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.10.003 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Cheng, H., Lü, L., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Yuan, Y., Chen, Q., & Tian, L. (2022) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03668-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Schreier, D. R., Banks, C., & Mathis, J. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2017.04.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Insomnia in United States military veterans: An integrated theoretical model
Hughes, J. M., Ulmer, C. S., Gierisch, J. M., Hastings, S. N., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.005 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gamaldo, A. A., Beydoun, M. A., Beydoun, H. A., Liang, H., Salas, R. M. E., Zonderman, A. B., Gamaldo, C. E., & Eid, S. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00266 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…et al., 2009; Ford et al., 2015), worse workplace productivity (Leger et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2015), and increased mortality (Hublin et al., 2011; Ford et al., 2015), exerting significant economic strain on the healthcare system (Peppard et al., 2013; Shear et al., 2014; Ford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialEstimated prevalence of insomnia among women veterans: Results of a postal survey
Martin, J. L., Schweizer, C. A., Hughes, J. M., Fung, C. H., Dzierzewski, J. M., Washington, D. L., Kramer, B. J., Jouldjian, S., Mitchell, M. N., Josephson, K. R., et al. (2017) · Women's Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2016.12.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sleep physiology and disorders in aging and dementia
Benca, R. M., & Teodorescu, M. C. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804766-8.00026-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Liu, D., Yu, C., Huang, K., Thomas, S. A., Yang, W., Liu, S., & Kuang, J. (2022) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2022/4476905 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Vuletic, S., Bell, K. R., Jain, S., Bush, N. E., Temkin, N. R., Fann, J. R., Stanfill, K. E., Dikmen, S., Brockway, J. A., He, F., et al. (2016) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000221 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Daytime sleepiness and related factors in nursing students
Demir, G. (2017) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.08.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Khadka, R., Hong, S. A., & Chang, Y. (2019) · International Health · doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihz032 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hisler, G., Muranovic, D., & Krizan, Z. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.08.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in patients with COPD and asthma
Vukoja, M. K., Kopitović, I., Milicic, D., Maksimovic, O., Pavlović-Popović, Z., & Ilić, M. (2016) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.12528 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Automatic detection of microsleep episodes with feature-based machine learning
Skoručak, J., Hertig-Godeschalk, A., Schreier, D. R., Malafeev, A., Mathis, J., & Achermann, P. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz225 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Drowsiness or mind-wandering? Fluctuations in ocular parameters during attentional lapses
Stawarczyk, D., François, C., Wertz, J., & D’Argembeau, A. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107950 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Alcántara, C., Gallo, L. C., Wen, J., Dudley, K. A., Wallace, D. M., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Zee, P. C., Ramos, A. R., Petrov, M. E. R., et al. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rosenberg, R. P., Hirshkowitz, M., Rapoport, D. M., & Kryger, M. H. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.014 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Wong, J., Horwitz, M. E. M., Bertisch, S. M., Herzig, S. J., Buysse, D. J., & Toh, S. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.19224 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Liang, Y., Huang, R., Chen, Y., Zhong, J., Deng, J., Wang, Z., Wu, Z., Li, M., Wang, H., & Sun, Y. (2021) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods10040883 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Insomnia symptoms in adulthood. Prevalence and incidence over 25 years
Klimt, F., Jacobi, C., Brähler, E., Stöbel‐Richter, Y., Zenger, M., & Berth, H. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.013 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Identification of enzymes responsible for nitrazepam metabolism and toxicity in human
Konishi, K., Fukami, T., Gotoh, S., & Nakajima, M. (2017) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.114 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Insomnia is referred to as a disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep, and its prevalence in older people is estimated to be 23– 34% [2,3].”
Gender differences in perpetuating factors, experience and management of chronic insomnia
Sidani, S., Guruge, S., Fox, M., & Collins, L. (2019) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2018.1491394 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Li, S. Q., Sun, X. W., Zhang, L., Ding, Y. J., Li, H. P., Yan, Y. R., Lin, Y. N., Zhou, J., & Li, Q. Y. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101444 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sleep and alcohol use among young adult drinkers with Insomnia: A daily process model
Miller, M. B., Freeman, L. K., Deroche, C. B., Park, C. J., Hall, N. A., & McCrae, C. S. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106911 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
ten Have, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Dorsselaer, S., Tuithof, M., Kleinjan, M., & de Graaf, R. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Giménez‐Arnau, A. M., Spector, S. L., Antonova, E. N., Trzaskoma, B. L., Rosén, K. E., Omachi, T. A., Stull, D. E., Balp, M., & Murphy, T. (2016) · Clinical and Translational Allergy · doi:10.1186/s13601-016-0120-0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Changes in sleep quality with age–a 36‐year follow‐up study of Finnish working‐aged adults
Hublin, C., Lehtovirta, M., Partinen, M., Koskenvuo, M. J., & Kaprio, J. A. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12623 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Contrary to our results, many studies indicate that sleep quality has deteriorated in recent decades (Calem et al., 2012; Ford et al., 2015; Pallesen et al., 2014).”
ResultMatthews, E. E., Li, C., Long, C. R., Narcisse, M., Martin, B. C., & McElfish, P. A. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.01.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Over-indebtedness and its association with sleep and sleep medication use
Warth, J., Puth, M., Tillmann, J., Porz, J., Zier, U., Weckbecker, K., & Münster, E. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7231-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Insomnia and cardiovascular autonomic control
Grimaldi, D., Goldstein, M. R., & Carter, J. R. (2019) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2019.05.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sleep Duration and Health-Related Quality of Life in Predialysis CKD
Sung, S.-A., Hyun, Y. Y., Lee, K., Park, H. C., Chung, W., Kim, Y. H., Kim, Y., Park, S. K., Oh, K., Ahn, C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.11351017 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hahn, Z., Hotchkiss, J. R., Atwood, C. W., Smith, C. J., Totten, A. M., Boudreau, E. A., Folmer, R. L., Chilakamarri, P., Whooley, M. A., & Sarmiento, K. F. (2023) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08125-3 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Athens Insomnia Scale in Occupational Computer Users
Sirajudeen, M. S., Manzar, M. D., Alqahtani, M. M., Alzhrani, M., Albougami, A. S. B., Pillai, P. S., Spence, D. W., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2020) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare8020089 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Makarem, N., Alcántara, C., Musick, S., Quesada, O., Sears, D. D., Chen, Z., & Tehranifar, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191710749 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal pain and insomnia among workers with different occupations and working hours
Moreno, C. R. D. C., Löwden, A., Vasconcelos, S. P., & Marqueze, E. C. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2016.1167730 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A study based on the National Health Interview Survey data estimated an increase in insomnia of around 8% over a 10-year period (2002–2012) (Ford et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodEshera, Y. M., Gavrilova, L., & Hughes, J. W. (2023) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231211846 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Liu, R., Tang, S. H., Wang, Y., Dong, Y., Hou, T., Ren, Y., Cong, L., Liu, K., Qin, Y., Sindi, S., et al. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-021-02521-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“2% reported excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) [6].”
Systematic review: sleep health in the US Latinx population
Roncoroni, J., Okun, M. L., & Hudson, A. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac092 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Poor Sleep in Older Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Garland, S. N., Scurrey, S. R. M., & Ploughman, M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9653-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Song, C., Zhang, R., Liao, J., Fu, R., Wang, C., Liu, Q., Song, W., Wang, H., & Dou, K. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103866 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Poor sleep quality is a common concern in the elderly population aged 75 years or older [2], and affects many aspects of well-being and quality of life, including both physical and mental health conditions [3].”
BackgroundPersonalized Medicine and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Duong‐Quy, S., Nguyen-Huu, H., Hoang-Chau-Bao, D., Tran-Duc, S., Nguyen-Thi-Hong, L., Nguyen, D., Tang-Thi-Thao, T., Phan, C., Bui-Diem, K., Vu-Tran-Thien, Q., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12122034 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Due the high prevalence of insomnia and COMISA in the general population and in patients with OSA [109,110], and due to the complexity in diagnosis and treatment of COMISA, the management of this disease should be personalized.”
BackgroundDesch, J., Bakour, C., Mansuri, F., Tran, D., & Schwartz, S. W. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.06.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Insomnia severity index: a psychometric investigation among Saudi nurses
Albougami, A. S. B., & Manzar, M. D. (2019) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01812-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Actigraphy scoring for sleep outcome measures in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Kapella, M. C., Vispute, S., Zhu, B., & Herdegen, J. J. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.06.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bischel, L., Ritchie, C. S., Kober, K. M., Paul, S. M., Cooper, B. A., Chen, L.-M., Levine, J. D., Hammer, M. J., Wright, F., & Miaskowski, C. A. (2016) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2016.07.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sleep and endocrine therapy in breast cancer
Dyk, K. V., Joffe, H., & Carroll, J. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Joint Secular Trends of Sleep Quality and Diabetes Among US Adults, 2005-2018
Wang, X., Ma, H., Gupta, S., Heianza, Y., Fonseca, V. A., & Qi, L. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac401 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Noise in Cities: Urban and Transport Planning Determinants and Health in Cities
Lercher, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74983-9_22 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Bryan, J. L., Hogan, J., Lindsay, J. A., & Ecker, A. H. (2020) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108254 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Markwald, R. R., Carey, F. R., Kolaja, C. A., Jacobson, I. G., Cooper, A. D., & Chinoy, E. D. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.08.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zou, Y., Chen, Y., Yu, W., Chen, T., Tian, Q., Tu, Q., Deng, Y., Duan, J., Xiao, M., & Lü, Y. (2019) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12402 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Determinants of excessive daytime sleepiness in two First Nation communities
van der Spuy, I., Karunanayake, C. P., Dosman, J. A., McMullin, K., Zhao, G., Abonyi, S., Rennie, D., Lawson, J. A., Kirychuk, S., MacDonald, J., et al. (2017) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-017-0536-x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ford, E. S., Cunningham, T. J., Giles, W. H., & Croft, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Earl S.
- ORCID
- Croft, Janet B.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 372-378
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4763609
- OpenAlex
- W1970635510
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 35.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, prevalence trends, sleep disorders, adults, diabetes mellitus, joint pain, age differences, sex differences, racial and ethnic differences, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, National Health Interview Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, United States, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Young Adult, Self Report
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