The economic cost of inadequate sleep
Open accessAbstract
Study Objectives: To estimate the economic cost (financial and nonfinancial) of inadequate sleep in Australia for the 2016-2017 financial year and relate this to likely costs in similar economies. Methods: Analysis was undertaken using prevalence, financial, and nonfinancial cost data derived from national surveys and databases. Costs considered included the following: (1) financial costs associated with health care, informal care provided outside healthcare sector, productivity losses, nonmedical work and vehicle accident costs, deadweight loss through inefficiencies relating to lost taxation revenue and welfare payments; and (2) nonfinancial costs of loss of well-being. They were expressed in US dollars ($). Results: The estimated overall cost of inadequate sleep in Australia in 2016-2017 (population: 24.8 million) was $45.21 billion. The financial cost component was $17.88 billion, comprised of as follows: direct health costs of $160 million for sleep disorders and $1.08 billion for associated conditions; productivity losses of $12.19 billion ($5.22 billion reduced employment, $0.61 billion premature death, $1.73 billion absenteeism, and $4.63 billion presenteeism); nonmedical accident costs of $2.48 billion; informal care costs of $0.41 billion; and deadweight loss of $1.56 billion. The nonfinancial cost of reduced well-being was $27.33 billion. Conclusions: The financial and nonfinancial costs associated with inadequate sleep are substantial. The estimated total financial cost of $17.88 billion represents 1.55 per cent of Australian gross domestic product. The estimated nonfinancial cost of $27.33 billion represents 4.6 per cent of the total Australian burden of disease for the year. These costs warrant substantial investment in preventive health measures to address the issue through education and regulation.
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A large proportion of the population do not meet current sleep recommendations of 7-9 h per night.
“As a large proportion of the population do not meet the current sleep recommendations (7–9 h per night) [10,11]”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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“If high temperatures persist through the night, the quality of sleep is diminished, which, over successive nights, can be debilitating, and detrimental to health, daytime performance and productivity [18].”
BackgroundIncremental health care utilization and expenditures for sleep disorders in the United States
Huyett, P. A., & Bhattacharyya, N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9392 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Vitamin D Supplementation and Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies
Abboud, M. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14051076 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“As a large proportion of the population do not meet the current sleep recommendations (7e9 h per night) [10,11], and inadequate sleep is a consequence of many occupations [12,13], gaining a better understanding of these mechanisms may help to tailor specific interventions aimed at counteracting the detrimental effects…”
BackgroundKainulainen, S., Duce, B., Korkalainen, H., Oksenberg, A., Leino, A., Arnardóttir, E. S., Kulkas, A., Myllymaa, S., Töyräs, J., & Leppänen, T. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01849-2019 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lyons, L. C., Vanrobaeys, Y. S., & Abel, T. G. (2023) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15787 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“In Australia, the annual economic costs for sleep deprivation are considered between $35 and 45 billion (Hillman et al., 2018; Streatfeild et al., 2021).”
BackgroundReynor, A., McArdle, N., Shenoy, B., Dhaliwal, S. S., Rea, S. C., Walsh, J. H., Eastwood, P. R., Maddison, K. J., Hillman, D. R., Ling, I., et al. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab264 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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Streatfeild, J., Hillman, D., Adams, R., Mitchell, S., & Pezzullo, L. (2019) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz181 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of common sleep disorders in a middle-aged community sample
McArdle, N., Reynolds, A. C., Hillman, D. R., Moses, E. K., Maddison, K. J., Melton, P. E., & Eastwood, P. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9886 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“6,7 A recent evaluation of the financial costs associated with inadequate sleep in Australia 8 was based on an online survey of a representative population sample.”
Self-citationHwang, J., Lee, G. E., Woo, J. H., Kim, S. M., & Kwon, J. Y. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01514-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Mellor, A., Hamill, K., Jenkins, M. M., Baucom, D. H., Norton, P. J., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3334-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rural light pollution from shale gas development and associated sleep and subjective well-being
Boslett, A. J., Hill, E., Ma, L., & Zhang, L. (2021) · Resource and Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101220 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Occupation-Induced Fatigue and Impacts on Emergency First Responders: A Systematic Review
Marvin, G., Schram, B. L., Orr, R. M., & Canetti, E. F. D. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20227055 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Although no monetary values have been established for the EFR population, Hillman et al. [28] reported that Australia’s total workplace injuries resulting from sleep deprivation, which runs rampant across EFRs [29,30], are estimated to cost roughly AUD 300 million annually.”
BackgroundJo, Y., Lee, S., Jung, T., Park, G., Lee, C., Im, G. H., Lee, S., Park, J. S., Oh, C., Kook, G., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202202345 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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“Insomnia is frequently associated with other somatic diseases (such as cardiometabolic diseases) and psychiatric disorders (such as depression) [2 – 4], resulting in signi fi cant health and societal economic costs [5].”
Rayward, A. T., Plotnikoff, R. C., Murawski, B., Vandelanotte, C., Brown, W. J., Holliday, E. G., & Duncan, M. J. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaz064 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Narrative review of sleep and stroke
Pérez‐Carbonell, L., & Bashir, S. (2020) · Journal of Thoracic Disease · doi:10.21037/jtd-cus-2020-002 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Sleep disturbances are prevalent in the general population, and can affect performance, quality of life and associate a significant economic burden (4,5).”
Pendharkar, S. R., Blades, K., Kelly, J. E., Tsai, W. H., Lien, D. C., Clement, F. M., Woiceshyn, J., & McBrien, K. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8814 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Hori, D., Sasahara, S., Oi, Y., Doki, S., Andrea, C.-S., Takahashi, T., Shiraki, N., Ikeda, T., Ikeda, Y., Kambayashi, T., et al. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.09.017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Ekwaru, J. P., Ohinmaa, A. E., Dabravolskaj, J., Maximova, K., & Veugelers, P. J. (2021) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckab130 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Economic burden of insomnia symptoms in Canada
Chaput, J., Janssen, I., Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Carney, C. E., Dang‐Vu, T. T., Davidson, J. R., Robillard, R., & Morin, C. M. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.09.010 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Insomnia theory and assessment
Grima, N., Bei, B., & Mansfield, D. R. (2019) · Australian Journal of General Practice · doi:10.31128/ajgp-12-18-4780 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Stenfors, C. U. D., Stengård, J., Hanson, L. L. M., Kecklund, L. G., & Westerlund, H. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.116085 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Prevalence of Insufficient Sleep and Its Associated Factors Among Working Adults in Malaysia
Chan, C. M. H., Siau, C. S., Wong, J. E., Wee, L. H., Jamil, N. A., & Hoe, V. C. W. (2021) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s295537 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Li, Z., Cheng, L., Wen, C., Ding, L., You, Q., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.823732 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“, 2021), which in turn can contribute to increased risk of occupational and traffic accidents (Wu et al., 2013a; Hillman et al., 2018; Whelehan et al., 2021).”
BackgroundA systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of poor sleep in inflammatory bowel disease
Barnes, A., Mountifield, R. E., Baker, J., Spizzo, P., Bampton, P. A., Andrews, J. M., Fraser, R. J., & Mukherjee, S. (2022) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac025 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The pooled prevalence for poor sleep-in IBD was high (55%), eclipsing that reported in a recent meta-analysis of fatigue (47%) [37], and of symptoms of anxiety (32%) and depression (25%) [4].”
BackgroundAn overheating criterion for bedrooms in temperate climates: Derivation and application
Lomas, K. J., & Li, M. (2023) · Building Services Engineering Research and Technology · doi:10.1177/01436244231183113 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Sleep loss degrades mental health, reduces work-place productivity, increases absenteeism, and elevates the risk of accidents.(3) It therefore undermines independent living and increases the burden on health and social care systems.”
BackgroundSchwartz, A. R., Cohen‐Zion, M., Pham, L. V., Amit, G., Sowho, M. O., Sgambati, F. P., Klopfer, T., Guzman, M. A., Hawks, E. M., Etzioni, T., et al. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Weihs, A., Frenzel, S., Bi, H., Schiel, J. E., Afshani, M., Bülow, R., Ewert, R., Fietze, I., Hoffstaedter, F., Jahanshad, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13884 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“2 billion in Australia in 2016–2017, mainly due to insomnia-related work absences, reduced productivity of affected individuals, and treatment of insomnia (Daley et al., 2009; Hillman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEconomic burden of insufficient sleep duration in Canadian adults
Chaput, J., Carrier, J., Bastien, C., Gariépy, G., & Janssen, I. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.02.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Baba, K., Guo, W., Chen, Y., Nosaka, T., & Kato, T. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04044-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ode, K. L., Shi, S., Katori, M., Mitsui, K., Takanashi, S., Oguchi, R., Aoki, D., & Ueda, H. R. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103727 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fox, B., Jiang, J. X., Wickramaratne, S., Kovatch, P., Suárez‐Fariñas, M., Shah, N. A., Parekh, A., & Nadkarni, G. N. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf061 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“These conditions disrupt daily activities, mental health, and longevity, contributing to major health issues such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension [3,4].”
Yang, S., Kong, X.-Y., Hu, T., Ge, Y.-J., Li, X., Chen, J., He, S., Zhang, P., & Chen, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.856867 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Review and perspective on sleep-disordered breathing research and translation to clinics
Korkalainen, H., Kainulainen, S., Íslind, A. S., Óskarsdóttir, M., Straßberger, C., Nikkonen, S., Töyräs, J., Kulkas, A., Grote, L., Hedner, J. A., et al. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101874 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Factors associated with sleep quality in university students
Maciel, F. V., Wendt, A. T., Demenech, L. M., & Dumith, S. C. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023284.14132022 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Os riscos associados ao sono inadequado in-cluem, o aumento do estresse oxidativo 9 , de do-enças cardiovasculares 10 e de obesidade 11 , além de comprometer o desempenho cognitivo e de aprendizagem 4,12,13 e prejudicar a saúde mental 14 .”
BackgroundTemperature exposure and sleep duration: Evidence from time use surveys
Hajdu, T. (2024) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2024.101401 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Buntrock, C., Lehr, D., Smit, F., Horvath, H., Berking, M., Spiegelhalder, K., Riper, H. M., & Ebert, D. D. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/25609 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Economic costs stem from both absenteeism and reduced productivity while at work (ie, presenteeism) [7] as well as increased health care utilization, (eg, medication prescription [8,9]).”
BackgroundMassar, S. A. A., Ong, J. L., Lau, T., Ng, B. K. L., Chan, L. F., Koek, D., Cheong, K., & Chee, M. W. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145893 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Evolution of Sleep and Adaptive Sleeplessness
Lesku, J. A., Aulsebrook, A. E., Kelly, M. L., & Tisdale, R. K. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00020-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kainulainen, S., Korkalainen, H., Sigurdardottir, S., Myllymaa, S., Serwatko, M., SIGURDARDOTTIR, S. T., Clausen, M. V., Leppänen, T., & Arnardóttir, E. S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3099987 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Sleep disorders form a growing global health problem and cause significant economical costs [1].”
BackgroundThe Physical Work Environment and Sleep
Magee, C., Gopaldasani, V., Bakand, S., & Coman, R. L. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001725 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lai, V., Tong, B., Tran, C., Ricciardiello, A., Donegan, M., Murray, N., Carberry, J. C., & Eckert, D. J. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz119 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Auricular Acupuncture for Insomnia: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
Huang, J., Shen, M., Qin, X., & Huang, Y. (2020) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/6920902 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Worldwide, around 15% to 30% of adults and 10% to 23% of adolescents have different degrees of insomnia [2].”
BackgroundAccuracy of a Smartphone Application Measuring Snoring in Adults—How Smart Is It Actually?
Klaus, K., Stummer, A.-L., & Ruf, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18147326 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Greissl, S., Mergl, R., Sander, C., Hensch, T., Engel, C., & Hegerl, U. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13516 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Corrigan, J., Tsai, W. H., Ip-Buting, A., Ng, C., Ogah, I., Peller, P., Sharpe, H. M., Laratta, C. R., & Pendharkar, S. R. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9776 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“3,4 However, our results suggest that once a diagnosis is made with appropriate specialist involvement, treatment outcomes are similar.”
Chaput, J., Gariépy, G., Pendharkar, S. R., Ayas, N., Samuels, C. H., Vallières, A., Davidson, J. R., Morin, C. M., Simonelli, G., Bourguinat, C., et al. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.06.005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Adult obstructive sleep apnoea: Pathogenesis, importance, diagnosis and imaging
Whyte, A., & Gibson, D. J. (2019) · Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1111/1754-9485.12978 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“21 billion.(9) The causes of OSA can be divided into anatomical and non-anatomical factors.”
BackgroundBinks, H., Vincent, G. E., Irwin, C. G., Heidke, P., Vandelanotte, C., Williams, S. L., & Khalesi, S. (2020) · Collegian Journal of the Royal College of Nursing Australia · doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2020.02.013 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-Applied Home Sleep Recordings
Korkalainen, H., Nikkonen, S., Kainulainen, S., Dwivedi, A. K., Myllymaa, S., Leppänen, T., & Töyräs, J. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.07.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chapagai, S., & Martyn-Nemeth, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/10436596211072884 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“21 billion (Hillman et al., 2018), which translates to US$585 billion for the population of the United States (Virani et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialVillarreal‐Zegarra, D., Torres-Puente, R., Otazú-Alfaro, S., Al‐kassab‐Córdova, A., de Castro, J. R., & Mezones‐Holguín, E. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110759 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The human circadian clock from health to economics
Koritala, B. S. C., & Çakmaklı, S. (2018) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.252 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Adolescent Sleep Problems and Susceptibility to Peer Influence
Semenza, D. C., Jackson, D. B., Testa, A. M., & Meldrum, R. C. (2020) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x20969024 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Estimates show that negative adolescent behaviors that result from increased susceptibility to peer influence such as delinquency (Cohen & Piquero, 2009; McCollister et al., 2010) as well as inadequate sleep (Colten & Altevogt, 2006; Hillman et al., 2018) impose large economic costs upon society.”
BackgroundSleep Capital: Linking Brain Health to Wellbeing and Economic Productivity Across the Lifespan
Golombek, D. A., Eyre, H. A., Spiousas, I., Casiraghi, L. P., Hartikainen, K. M., Partonen, T., Pyykko, M., Reynolds, C. F., Hynes, W. M., Bassetti, C. L., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.07.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Management of insomnia in primary care
Ng, L., & Cunnington, D. (2021) · Australian Prescriber · doi:10.18773/austprescr.2021.027 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tuckwell, G. A., Vincent, G. E., Gupta, C. C., & Ferguson, S. A. (2022) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2021-0174 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Factors associated with sleep quality in university students
Maciel, F. V., Wendt, A. T., Demenech, L. M., & Dumith, S. C. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023284.14132022en · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Inadequate sleep can increase oxidative stress 9 , cardiovascular disease 10 and obesity 11 , compromise cognitive and learning performance 4,12,13 and harm mental health 14 .”
BackgroundRusanen, M., Korkalainen, H., Grétarsdóttir, H., Siilak, T., Olafsdottir, K. A., Töyräs, J., Myllymaa, S., Arnardóttir, E. S., Leppänen, T., & Kainulainen, S. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13977 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…health consequences (Jose et al., 2005; Luyster et al., 2014; Zinchuk et al., 2018) and economic burden (AASM, 2016; Benjafield et al., 2019; Hillman et al., 2018; Mattila et al., 2022) originating from sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is globally…”
BackgroundThe Cost-Effectiveness of Sleep Apnea Management
Pendharkar, S. R., Kaambwa, B., & Kapur, V. K. (2024) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2024.04.024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Pitkänen, H., Duce, B., Leppänen, T., Kainulainen, S., Kulkas, A., Myllymaa, S., Töyräs, J., & Korkalainen, H. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3118229 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“SUFFICIENT, good quality sleep is essential for physical restoration, maintenance of physiological functions, and neurocognitive performance [1].”
BackgroundSleep: The silent hero in cardiometabolic health
Chaput, J., & Stranges, S. (2024) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2024.10.020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sleep hygiene strategies for individuals with chronic pain: a scoping review
Gupta, C. C., Sprajcer, M. A., Johnston‐Devin, C., & Ferguson, S. A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060401 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sleep Duration and Health Care Expenditures in the United States
Jasani, F., Seixas, A. A., Madondo, K., Li, Y., Jean‐Louis, G., & Pagán, J. A. (2020) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001351 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xu, B., Cai, Q., Mai, R., Liang, H., Huang, J., & Yang, Z. (2022) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-022-00188-2 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Outpatient health care utilization for sleep disorders in the Cerner Health Facts database
Al-Shawwa, B. A., Glynn, E. F., Hoffman, M. A., Ehsan, Z., & Ingram, D. G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.8838 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Many of these studies showed that the increased health care utilization and cost related to sleep disorders are due primarily to indirect morbidities.(14) These findings highlight the importance of early treatment for sleep disorders to curtail associated morbidity and mortality.”
Davies, H. J., Nakamura, T., & Mandic, D. P. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856710 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“With the key role of sleep in cardiovascular health [1] and consolidation of memory [2], poor sleep quality and lack of sleep place a huge burden on society in terms of both public health and economic costs [3].”
BackgroundHernández, B., Scarlett, S., Moriarty, F., Romero‐Ortuño, R., Kenny, R. A., & Reilly, R. B. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14108-6 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Han, D., Cheng, J., Qu, J., Wen, X., Liu, X., Chen, Y., Wen, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, H., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.892453 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The impact of sleep quality on mental health in working Australians: A quasi-experimental approach
Foo, J. K., & Doan, T. T. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116039 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The direct cost of poor sleep on the Australian economy was AUD 160 million for the years 2016-2017, while the direct cost of poor mental health was AUD 43 to 70 billion for the years 2018-2019 (Hillman et al., 2018; Productivity Commission, 2020).”
BackgroundFang, L., Lyu, Z., Ai, S., Du, S., Zhou, W., Zeng, S., Luo, X., Guo, J., Zhao, Y., Li, S., et al. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae122 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bano, A., Hepsomali, P., Rabbani, F., Farooq, U., Kanwal, A., Saleem, A., Bugti, A. A., Khan, A. A., Khalid, Z., Bugti, M., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1250560 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…million people, respectively (World Health Organization, 2022), causing signi fi cant disruption to everyday life, affecting performance in occupational and educational settings, and placing considerable burden (trillions of dollars) on healthcare systems (Hafner et al., 2017; Hillman et al., 2018).”
BackgroundEffectiveness and safety of acupuncture for insomnia
Zhang, M., Zhao, J., Li, X., Chen, X., Xie, J., Meng, L.-Y., & Gao, X. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017842 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
No improvement of sleep from vitamin D supplementation: insights from a randomized controlled trial
Larsen, A. U., Hopstock, L. A., Jorde, R., & Grimnes, G. (2021) · Sleep Medicine X · doi:10.1016/j.sleepx.2021.100040 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Combined with high treatment-related costs from increased health care utilization [7], it”
BackgroundA sleep medicine medical school curriculum
Smith, A. G. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006229 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“5 billion for nonmedical accident costs.(3) In addition to primary sleep disorders, which are sufficiently common to warrant more attention in medical school curricula, disordered sleep is a risk factor for many neurologic disorders, which in turn often result in sleep disruption.”
BackgroundEpidemiology and Economic Burden of Sleep Disorders in Europe
Bassetti, C. L., Welter, L. S., Martínez, M. M., Mühlberger, N., Boon, P., Berger, T., Deuschl, G., Arvandi, M., Konti, M., Lolich, M., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.70463 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Informal care costs for SD are unknown in Europe, though studies from Australia suggest they contribute less than 1% to the overall costs of OSA and insomnia [11, 35].”
Puterflam, J., Comis, J., Lan, Q., Liu, C., Lipschitz, A. J., Grunstein, R., Ferreira, P., & Gordon, C. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101672 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hillman, D., Mitchell, S., Streatfeild, J., Burns, C., Bruck, D., & Pezzullo, L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Health Economics and Social Policy Team, Deloitte Access Economics, Canberra, Australia
- Victoria University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Hillman, David
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-06-04
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 8
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2806077392
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 34.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vuir.vu.edu.au
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Sleep Health Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- insufficient sleep, sleep disorders, productivity loss, presenteeism, absenteeism, informal care, premature mortality, deadweight loss, disease burden, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Accidents, Australia, Efficiency, Health Expenditures, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Public Health, Sleep, Prevalence, Health Care Costs, Cost of Illness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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