Allosteric post-translational modification codes
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been recognized to impact protein function in two ways: (i) orthosterically, via direct recognition by protein domains or through interference with binding; and (ii) allosterically, via conformational changes induced at the functional sites. Because different chemical types of PTMs elicit different structural alterations, the effects of combinatorial codes of PTMs are vastly larger than previously believed. Combined with orthosteric PTMs, the impact of PTMs on cellular regulation is immense. From an evolutionary standpoint, harnessing this immense, yet highly specific, PTM code is an extremely efficient vehicle that can save a cell several-fold in gene number and speed up its response to environmental change.
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A post-translational modification can bias the conformational distribution, increasing the population time of a cluster favored for binding a specific partner.
“A post-translational modification (PTM) can bias the conformational distribution, increasing the population time of a cluster favored for binding a specific partner77.”
From Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell (2016) · cites this paper as [77]
Combinations of post-translational modifications can constitute an allosteric code.
“Combinations of PTMs can constitute an allosteric code.77”
From Protein Ensembles: How Does Nature Harness Thermodynamic Fluctuations for Life? The Diverse Functional Roles of Conformational Ensembles in the Cell (2016) · cites this paper as [77]
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Self-citationSrivastava, A., Nagai, T., Srivastava, A., Miyashita, O., & Tama, F. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113401 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Metabolic Modelling as a Framework for Metabolomics Data Integration and Analysis
Volkova, S., Matos, M. R. A., Mattanovich, M., & de Mas, I. M. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10080303 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Sudha, G., Nussinov, R., & Srinivasan, N. (2014) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.07.004 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Mechanism of ATP-Dependent Allosteric Protection of Akt Kinase Phosphorylation
Lu, S., Deng, R., Jiang, H., Song, H., Li, S., Shen, Q., Huang, W., Nussinov, R., Yu, J., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2015.06.027 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostery: Allosteric Cancer Drivers and Innovative Allosteric Drugs
Nussinov, R., Zhang, M., Maloney, R., Liu, Y., Tsai, C.-J., & Jang, H. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167569 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-translational modifications as key regulators of bacterial metabolic fluxes
Pisithkul, T., Patel, N. M., & Amador‐Noguez, D. (2015) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.12.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation stabilizes GPX4 to suppress ferroptosis in cancer
Fan, Y., Wang, Y., Dan, W., Zhang, Y., Nie, L., Ma, Z., Zhuang, Y., Liu, B., Li, M., Liu, T., et al. (2025) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-025-01610-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Co-occurring protein phosphorylation are functionally associated
Li, Y., Zhou, X., Zhai, Z., & Li, T. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005502 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Vishwanath, S., de Brevern, A. G., & Srinivasan, N. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Drug design targeting active posttranslational modification protein isoforms
Meng, F., Liang, Z. T., Zhao, K., & Luo, C. (2020) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21774 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Allosteric Conformational Barcodes Direct Signaling in the Cell
Nussinov, R., Ma, B., Tsai, C.-J., & Csermely, P. (2013) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2013.06.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationPrecision medicine review: rare driver mutations and their biophysical classification
Nussinov, R., Jang, H., Tsai, C., & Cheng, F. (2019) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-018-0496-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationCraveur, P., Rebehmed, J., & de Brevern, A. G. (2014) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/bau041 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Turnover of protein phosphorylation evolving under stabilizing selection
Landry, C. R., Freschi, L., Zarin, T., & Moses, A. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00245 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lessons from computer simulations of Ras proteins in solution and in membrane
Prakash, P., & Gorfe, A. A. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.024 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Stetz, G., Tse, A., & Verkhivker, G. M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25329-4 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Regulation of Lignin Biosynthesis by Post-translational Protein Modifications
Sulis, D. B., & Wang, J. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.00914 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Protein function machinery: from basic structural units to modulation of activity
Berezovsky, I. N., Guarnera, E., Zheng, Z., Eisenhaber, B., & Eisenhaber, F. (2016) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2016.10.021 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Posttranslational modifications and proteinopathies: how guardians of the proteome are defeated
Olzscha, H. (2019) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2018-0458 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The spatial structure of cell signaling systems
Nussinov, R. (2013) · Physical Biology · doi:10.1088/1478-3975/10/4/045004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationRelaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy for the study of protein allostery
Farber, P. J., & Mittermaier, A. (2015) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-015-0166-6 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Intrinsically disordered proteins: Ensembles at the limits of Anfinsen's dogma
Kulkarni, P., Leite, V. B. P., Roy, S., Bhattacharyya, S., Mohanty, A. R., Achuthan, S., Singh, D., Appadurai, R., Govindan Rangarajan, C., Weninger, K., et al. (2022) · Biophysics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0080512 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Multisite Phosphorylation of S6K1 Directs a Kinase Phospho-code that Determines Substrate Selection
Arif, A., Jia, J., Willard, B. B., Li, X., & Fox, P. L. (2019) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.017 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Why Are Some Driver Mutations Rare?
Nussinov, R., Tsai, C., & Jang, H. (2019) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2019.10.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Divergence and Evolutionary Turnover in Mammalian Phosphoproteomes
Freschi, L., Osseni, M. A., & Landry, C. R. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004062 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nussinov, R., Zhang, M., Tsai, C., Liao, T.-J., Fushman, D., & Jang, H. (2018) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-018-0461-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSun, Y., Teng, Z., Sun, X., Zhang, L., Chen, J., Wang, B., Lu, F., Liu, N., Yu, M., Peng, S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00326.2018 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Vu, L. D., Zhu, T., Verstraeten, I., van de Cotte, B., IWGSC, Gevaert, K., & Smet, I. D. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ery204 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tsai, C., & Nussinov, R. (2014) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c3cp54253j · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationStructural Systems Pharmacology: The Role of 3D Structures in Next-Generation Drug Development
Duran‐Frigola, M., Mosca, R., & Aloy, P. (2013) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.03.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Nussinov, R., Ma, B., & Tsai, C. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.014 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineered control of enzyme structural dynamics and function
Boehr, D. D., D’Amico, R. N., & O’Rourke, K. F. (2018) · Protein Science · doi:10.1002/pro.3379 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Oligomerization and nanocluster organization render specificity
Nussinov, R., Jang, H., & Tsai, C. (2014) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12124 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationKaltner, H., Caballero, G. G., Ludwig, A., Manning, J. C., & Gabius, H. (2018) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-018-1676-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Identification of Enriched PTM Crosstalk Motifs from Large-Scale Experimental Data Sets
Peng, M., Scholten, A., Heck, A. J. R., & van Breukelen, B. (2013) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr4005579 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Noell, S. E., Hellweger, F. L., Temperton, B., & Giovannoni, S. J. (2023) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00124-22 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Systematic Characterization and Prediction of Post-Translational Modification Cross-Talk *
Huang, Y., Xu, B., Zhou, X., Li, Y., Lü, M., Jiang, R., & Li, T. (2015) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.m114.037994 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Boisselier, É., Demers, É., Cantin, L., & Salesse, C. (2017) · Advances in Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Glover, M. S., Yu, Q., Chen, Z., Shi, X., Kent, K. C., & Li, L. (2017) · International Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2017.09.002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Small Molecules Govern Thiol Redox Switches
Knuesting, J., & Scheibe, R. (2018) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Allosteric perspective on the mutability and druggability of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein
Tan, Z. W., Tee, W.-V., Samsudin, F., Guarnera, E., Bond, P. J., & Berezovsky, I. N. (2022) · Structure · doi:10.1016/j.str.2021.12.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A methylated lysine is a switch point for conformational communication in the chaperone Hsp90
Rehn, A., Lawatscheck, J., Jokisch, M.-L., Mader, S. L., Luo, Q., Tippel, F., Blank, B., Richter, K., Lang, K., Kaila, V. R. I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15048-8 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Allosteric Control of a Plant Receptor Kinase through S-Glutathionylation
Moffett, A. S., Bender, K. W., Huber, S. C., & Shukla, D. (2017) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2017.08.059 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Dynamic multiprotein assemblies shape the spatial structure of cell signaling
Nussinov, R., & Jang, H. (2014) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.07.002 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationHarris, D. P., Chandrasekharan, U. M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Willard, B. B., & DiCorleto, P. E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148905 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
PINE: An Automation Tool to Extract and Visualize Protein-Centric Functional Networks
Sundararaman, N., Go, J. L., Robinson, A., Mato, J. M., Lu, S. C.-L., Eyk, J. E. V., & Venkatraman, V. (2020) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.0c00032 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The role of allostery in the ubiquitin–proteasome system
Liu, J., & Nussinov, R. (2012) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.3109/10409238.2012.742856 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationEngineering an Allosteric Control of Protein Function
Vishweshwaraiah, Y. L., Chen, J., & Dokholyan, N. V. (2021) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11640 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Protein kinase A controls the hexosamine pathway by tuning the feedback inhibition of GFAT-1
Ruegenberg, S., Mayr, F. A. M. C., Atanassov, I., Baumann, U., & Denzel, M. S. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22320-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yuan, H., Zhou, W., Yang, Y., Xue, L., Liu, L., & Song, Y. (2018) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Selective Modulation of Dynamic Protein Complexes
Garlick, J. M., & Mapp, A. K. (2020) · Cell chemical biology · doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.07.019 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
PRMT5 K240lac confers ferroptosis resistance via ALKBH5/SLC7A11 axis in colorectal cancer
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Allosteric inhibitors of the STAT3 signaling pathway
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Lechtenberg, B. C., Gehring, M. P., Light, T. P., Horne, C. R., Matsumoto, M. W., Hristova, K. A., & Pasquale, E. B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27343-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Global Profiling of 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylome in Common Wheat
Zhang, N., Zhang, L., Li, L., Geng, J., Zhao, L., Ren, Y. N., Dong, Z., & Chen, F. (2021) · Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics · doi:10.1016/j.gpb.2020.06.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Maree, J. P., Tvardovskiy, A., Ravnsborg, T., Jensen, O. N., Rudenko, G., & Patterton, H. (2022) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkac759 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cell phenotypes can be predicted from propensities of protein conformations
Nussinov, R., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., & Jang, H. (2023) · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · doi:10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102722 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationGoyani, S., Roy, M., & Singh, R. K. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166066 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Mechanism of activation and the rewired network: New drug design concepts
Nussinov, R., Zhang, M., Maloney, R., Tsai, C., Yavuz, B. R., Tunçbağ, N., & Jang, H. (2021) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21863 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationThe value of protein allostery in rational anticancer drug design: an update
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Self-citationInvestigation of the impact of PTMs on the protein backbone conformation
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Thirty years of molecular dynamics simulations on posttranslational modifications of proteins
Weigle, A. T., Feng, J.-Y., & Shukla, D. (2022) · Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP · doi:10.1039/d2cp02883b · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Linking Post-Translational Modifications and Variation of Phenotypic Traits
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Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by post-translational modifications
Chrestia, J. F., Turani, O., Araujo, N. R., Hernando, G., Esandi, M. D. C., & Bouzat, C. (2023) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106712 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nussinov, R., Tsai, C.-J., Xin, F., & Radivojac, P.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nussinov, Ruth
- Venue
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 447-455
- ISSN
- 0968-0004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995254028
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN261200800001E)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Structure and Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Advanced Proteomics Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer-related gene regulation
- Keywords
- post-translational modification, allosteric regulation, protein conformational change, protein domains, cell regulation
- MeSH terms
- Allosteric Regulation, Humans, Models, Molecular, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Proteins
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