The Design of Covalent Allosteric Drugs
Abstract
A key issue in drug discovery is how to reduce drug dosage and increase specificity while retaining or increasing efficacy, as high dosage is often linked to toxicity. There are two types of drugs on the market: orthosteric and allosteric. Orthosteric drugs can be noncovalent or covalent. The latter are advantageous because they may be prescribed in lower doses, but their potential off-target toxicity is a primary concern. The chief advantages of allosteric drugs are their higher specificity and their consequently lower chance of toxic side effects. Covalent allosteric drugs combine the pharmacological merits of covalent drugs with the additional benefit of the higher specificity of allosteric drugs. In a recent promising step in therapeutic drug development, allosteric, disulfide-tethered fragments successfully modulated the activity of a protein kinase and K-Ras.
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Allosteric drugs have higher specificity and lower toxicity due to targeting nonconserved allosteric sites.
“Due to its higher specificity and consequently lower toxicity, which results from targeting nonconserved allosteric sites, allostery also increasingly features in allosteric drugs.”
From AlphaFold, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Allostery (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
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Targeted Covalent Inhibitors for Drug Design
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Ras Conformational Ensembles, Allostery, and Signaling
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Covalent-Allosteric Inhibitors: Do We Get the Best of Both Worlds?
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Calmodulin and IQGAP1 activation of PI3Kα and Akt in KRAS, HRAS and NRAS-driven cancers
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Allostery in Disease: Anticancer Drugs, Pockets, and the Tumor Heterogeneity Challenge
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Decoding protein structures with residue interaction networks
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Strategies for Conditional Regulation of Proteins
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Allosteric modulation of SHP2: Quest from known to unknown
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Reversible Covalent Reaction of Levosimendan with Cardiac Troponin C in Vitro and in Situ
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Covalent and noncovalent strategies for targeting Lys102 in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
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Allosteric pluripotency: challenges and opportunities
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Allosteric Pathways Originating at Cysteine Residues in Regulators of G-Protein Signaling Proteins
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From covalent bonds to eco-physiological pharmacology of secondary plant metabolites
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The m⁶A epitranscriptome: A regulatory nexus linking cellular senescence and oncogenesis
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Progress in Allosteric Database
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Allosteric drugs in biomolecular condensates: ways forward
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The Search for Covalently Ligandable Proteins in Biological Systems
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Du, L., Suo, S., Zhang, H., Jia, H., Liu, K. J., Zhang, X. J., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/44/445101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Single Binding Pockets Versus Allosteric Binding
Song, K., & Zhang, J. (2018) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8639-2_9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mapping the SHP2 Allosteric Pocket With Target‐Biased Covalent Fragments
Efrém, N., Csorba, N., Amoussa, M., Ábrányi‐Balogh, P., Guo, Z., Petri, L., Bo, F., di Lorenzo, V., Roske, Y., Szalai, T. V., et al. (2026) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.70310 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Target Validation—Prosecuting the Target
Jones, L. H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00014-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nussinov, R., & Tsai, C.-J.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-06
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 249-267
- ISSN
- 0362-1642 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4304
- OpenAlex
- W2101700924
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSN261200800001E)
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Click Chemistry and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chemical Synthesis and Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Keywords
- allosteric drug design, drug specificity, off-target toxicity, KRAS, drug dosage reduction
- MeSH terms
- Allosteric Regulation, Animals, Binding Sites, Enzyme Inhibitors, Humans, Kinetics, Models, Molecular, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Structure-Activity Relationship, Drug Design, Molecular Structure, Signal Transduction, Computer-Aided Design, Enzyme Activators, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
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