Engineering the delivery system for CRISPR-based genome editing
Open accessAbstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) systems, found in nature as microbial adaptive immune systems, have been repurposed into an important tool in biological engineering and genome editing, providing a programmable platform for precision gene targeting. These tools have immense promise as therapeutics that could potentially correct disease-causing mutations. However, CRISPR-Cas gene editing components must be transported directly to the nucleus of targeted cells to exert a therapeutic effect. Thus, efficient methods of delivery will be critical to the success of therapeutic genome editing applications. Here, we review current strategies available for in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas gene editing components and outline challenges that need to be addressed before this powerful tool can be deployed in the clinic.
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The CRISPR-Cas9 system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates.
“The system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates, thus making it a powerful genome editing tool.[202, 205, 207]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
The complexity and large molecular weight of genome editing components are significant challenges for delivery materials.
“Secondly, the complexity and large molecular weight of these components are significant challenges for delivery materials.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
Genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects, requiring overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers including enzymatic degradation in blood, RES clearance, cell membrane penetration, endosome escape, and nuclear membrane infiltration.
“Firstly, genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, extracellular and intracellular barriers need to be overcome, including avoiding enzymatic degradation in the blood, circumventing clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), penetrating cell membranes, escaping endosome entrapment, and infiltrating nuclear membranes.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.
“The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
Non-viral materials for delivery of genome editing tools are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.
“These materials are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.[202, 205, 207–211]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
Genome editing components should be delivered to target tissues and edit specific sequences in a controllable manner to prevent off-target events and immune responses.
“Thirdly, genome editing components should be delivered to target tissues and edit specific sequences in a controllable manner to prevent off-target events and immune responses.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [207]
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- Authors
- Glass, Z., Lee, M., Li, Y., & Xu, Q.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu, Qiaobing
- Venue
- Trends in biotechnology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-02
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 173-185
- ISSN
- 0167-7799 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5801045
- OpenAlex
- W2781514432
- Cited by
- 345
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 25 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 356 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Trends in biotechnology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1452122)
- NIH (1R21EB024041-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- CRISPR-Cas, genome editing, gene delivery, in vivo delivery, therapeutic genome editing, nuclear transport, CRISPR therapeutics
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, CRISPR-Associated Protein 9, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Dependovirus, Bacterial Proteins, Endonucleases, Genetic Engineering, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Microinjections, Plasmids, Gene Transfer Techniques, Electroporation, Gene Targeting, Nanoparticles, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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