Cited by 347CRISPR and Genetic EngineeringRNA Interference and Gene DeliveryVirus-based gene therapy research

Engineering the delivery system for CRISPR-based genome editing

Open access
Glass, Zachary, Lee, Matthew, Li, Yamin, Xu, Qiaobing·2018·Trends in biotechnology

Abstract

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) systems, found in nature as microbial adaptive immune systems, have been repurposed into an important tool in biological engineering and genome editing, providing a programmable platform for precision gene targeting. These tools have immense promise as therapeutics that could potentially correct disease-causing mutations. However, CRISPR-Cas gene editing components must be transported directly to the nucleus of targeted cells to exert a therapeutic effect. Thus, efficient methods of delivery will be critical to the success of therapeutic genome editing applications. Here, we review current strategies available for in vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas gene editing components and outline challenges that need to be addressed before this powerful tool can be deployed in the clinic.

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  • The CRISPR-Cas9 system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates.

    “The system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates, thus making it a powerful genome editing tool.[202, 205, 207]”
  • The complexity and large molecular weight of genome editing components are significant challenges for delivery materials.

    “Secondly, the complexity and large molecular weight of these components are significant challenges for delivery materials.”
  • Genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects, requiring overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers including enzymatic degradation in blood, RES clearance, cell membrane penetration, endosome escape, and nuclear membrane infiltration.

    “Firstly, genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, extracellular and intracellular barriers need to be overcome, including avoiding enzymatic degradation in the blood, circumventing clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), penetrating cell membranes, escaping endosome entrapment, and infiltrating nuclear membranes.”
  • The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.

    “The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.”
  • Non-viral materials for delivery of genome editing tools are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.

    “These materials are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.[202, 205, 207–211]”

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Authors
Glass, Z., Lee, M., Li, Y., & Xu, Q.
Affiliations
Tufts University (US)
Corresponding author
Xu, Qiaobing
Venue
Trends in biotechnology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-02
Volume
36
Issue
2
Pages
173-185
ISSN
0167-7799 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2781514432
Cited by
345
References
68
Citations by year
2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 25 · 2014: 1
FWCI
3.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Trends in biotechnology (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1452122)
  • NIH (1R21EB024041-01)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
Keywords
CRISPR-Cas, genome editing, gene delivery, in vivo delivery, therapeutic genome editing, nuclear transport, CRISPR therapeutics
MeSH terms
Gene Editing, CRISPR-Associated Protein 9, RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Dependovirus, Bacterial Proteins, Endonucleases, Genetic Engineering, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Microinjections, Plasmids, Gene Transfer Techniques, Electroporation, Gene Targeting, Nanoparticles, CRISPR-Cas Systems

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