CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing for disease modeling and therapy: challenges and opportunities for nonviral delivery
Abstract
Genome editing offers promising solutions to genetic disorders by editing DNA sequences or modulating gene expression. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology can be used to edit single or multiple genes in a wide variety of cell types and organisms in vitro and in vivo. Herein, we review the rapidly developing CRISPR/Cas9-based technologies for disease modeling and gene correction and recent progress toward Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) delivery based on viral and nonviral vectors. We discuss the relative merits of delivering the genome editing elements in the form of DNA, mRNA, or protein, and the opportunities of combining viral delivery of a transgene encoding Cas9 with nonviral delivery of gRNA. We highlight the lessons learned from nonviral gene delivery in the past three decades and consider their applicability for CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. We also include a discussion of bioinformatics tools for gRNA design and chemical modifications of gRNA. Finally, we consider the extracellular and intracellular barriers to nonviral CRISPR/Cas9 delivery and propose strategies that may overcome these barriers to realize the clinical potential of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing.
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The CRISPR-Cas9 system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates.
“The system can be designed to edit a large number of sequences in the genome with different sgRNAs and donor DNA templates, thus making it a powerful genome editing tool.[202, 205, 207]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
The complexity and large molecular weight of genome editing components are significant challenges for delivery materials.
“Secondly, the complexity and large molecular weight of these components are significant challenges for delivery materials.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.
“The Cas9 nuclease utilizes a sgRNA to recognize the target sequence and subsequently cleaves the genome at the specific site.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
Genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects, requiring overcoming extracellular and intracellular barriers including enzymatic degradation in blood, RES clearance, cell membrane penetration, endosome escape, and nuclear membrane infiltration.
“Firstly, genome editing components must reach the cell nucleus to achieve therapeutic effects. Thus, extracellular and intracellular barriers need to be overcome, including avoiding enzymatic degradation in the blood, circumventing clearance by the reticuloendothelial system (RES), penetrating cell membranes, escaping endosome entrapment, and infiltrating nuclear membranes.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
Non-viral materials for delivery of genome editing tools are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.
“These materials are similar to those used for mRNA delivery.[202, 205, 207–211]”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
Genome editing components should be delivered to target tissues and edit specific sequences in a controllable manner to prevent off-target events and immune responses.
“Thirdly, genome editing components should be delivered to target tissues and edit specific sequences in a controllable manner to prevent off-target events and immune responses.”
From RNA delivery biomaterials for the treatment of genetic and rare diseases (2019) · cites this paper as [205]
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Methods and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Base Editing in Eukaryotic Genomes
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Strategies for nonviral nanoparticle‐based delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics
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Nanoparticles for CRISPR–Cas9 delivery
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- Authors
- Wang, H.-X., Li, M., Lee, C. M., Chakraborty, S., Kim, H.-W., Bao, G., & Leong, K. W.
- Affiliations
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Columbia University (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Dankook University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Leong, Kam W.
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2017-06-22
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 9874-9906
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- OpenAlex
- W2667943050
- Semantic Scholar
- 8adf98b2946581e7ea45a5717125d411159e0037
- Cited by
- 560
- References
- 299
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 84 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 12
- FWCI
- 4.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UH3TR000505)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL109442)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI096305)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM110494)
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (2015032163)
- Guandong Province (2013S086)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- CRISPR/Cas9, genome editing, non-viral gene delivery, guide RNA delivery, disease modeling, gene therapy, viral vectors, mRNA delivery, sgRNA design, genetic disorders
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Humans, Models, Biological, Genetic Therapy, Gene Transfer Techniques, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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