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From contextual fear to a dynamic view of memory systems
Open accessAbstract
The brain does not learn and remember in a unitary fashion. Rather, different circuits specialize in certain classes of problems and encode different types of information. Damage to one of these systems typically results in amnesia only for the form of memory that is the specialty of the affected region. However, the question of how the brain allocates a specific category of memory to a particular circuit has received little attention. The currently dominant view (multiple memory systems theory) assumes that such abilities are hard wired. Using fear conditioning as a paradigmatic case, I propose an alternative model in which mnemonic processing is allocated to specific circuits through a dynamic process. Potential circuits compete to form memories, with the most efficient circuits emerging as winners. However, alternate circuits compensate when these 'primary' circuits are compromised.
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“Likewise, the hippocampus, known for its contextual sensitivity (Fanselow, 2010; Hirsh, 1974, Rudy, 2009, Fanselow, 2010), helps encode episodic and emotional information that arises during motivationally relevant events.”
From Adolescent neurobiological susceptibility to social context (2016) · cites this paper as Fanselow, 2010
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Ketamine disinhibits dendrites and enhances calcium signals in prefrontal dendritic spines
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“For example, a well known finding in the contextual fear conditioning literature is the facilitatory effect of pre-exposure to a context (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundDeng, W., Mayford, M. R., & Gage, F. H. (2013) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.00312 · Cited by 203
“…involved in learning by memory recall To study the activity of neuronal populations in the DG and CA1 during event learning and subsequent memory recall, we used a contextual fear conditioning paradigm combining contextual pre-exposure and immediate foot shock (Fanselow, 1990, 2000, 2010).”
MethodBernier, B. E., Lacagnina, A. F., Ayoub, A., Shue, F., Zemelman, B. V., Krasne, F. B., & Drew, M. R. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3029-16.2017 · Cited by 168
“Context fear conditioning provides a useful window into hippocampal function because the hippocampus plays a critical role in forming and retrieving neural representations of the context to which fear becomes conditioned (Rudy et al., 2004; Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundThe role of NPY in learning and memory
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Prefrontal microcircuit underlies contextual learning after hippocampal loss
Zelikowsky, M., Bissière, S., Hast, T. A., Bennett, R. Z., Abdipranoto, A., Vissel, B., & Fanselow, M. S. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1301691110 · Cited by 170
“These findings also have important implications for a more general set of rules regarding compensation following brain damage (6).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn update on contextual fear memory mechanisms: Transition between Amygdala and Hippocampus
Chaaya, N., Battle, A. R., & Johnson, L. R. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.013 · Cited by 177
“Foot-shock and context pairing rapidly creates contextual fear memories (Fanselow, 2010).”
InfluentialThe role of inhibitory circuits in hippocampal memory processing
Topolnik, L., & Tamboli, S. (2022) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-022-00599-0 · Cited by 165
On disruption of fear memory by reconsolidation blockade: evidence from cannabidiol treatment
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Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review
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Induction and Expression of Fear Sensitization Caused by Acute Traumatic Stress
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The Origins and Organization of Vertebrate Pavlovian ConditioningPreprint
Fanselow, M., & Wassum, K. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021717 · Cited by 132
“These unique aspects of context conditioning are reviewed elsewhere (see Fanselow 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialDeficient fear extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder
Wicking, M., Steiger-White, F., Nees, F., Diener, S. J., Grimm, O., Ruttorf, M., Schad, L. R., Winkelmann, T., Wirtz, G., & Flor, H. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.09.016 · Cited by 139
“Indeed, compensatory mechanisms as a consequence of dysfunctional brain circuits have previously been described (Bokde, Lopez-Bayo, Born, Ewers, Meindl, Teipel, Faltraco, Reiser, Moller, and Hampel, 2010; Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundAdult Neurogenesis Conserves Hippocampal Memory Capacity
Alam, M. J., 北村, 貴., Saitoh, Y., Ohkawa, N., Kondo, T., & Inokuchi, K. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2976-17.2018 · Cited by 128
“and retrieving neural representations of the context in which fear becomes conditioned (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStilling, R. M., Benito, E., Barth, J., Gertig, M., Capece, V., Burckhardt, S., Bonn, S., & Fischer, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00373 · Cited by 115
“The hippocampal formation is essential for memory function in rodents and humans and has been linked to cognitive age-associated memory impairment (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundRetrosplenial cortex and its role in cue-specific learning and memory
Todd, T. P., Fournier, D. I., & Bucci, D. J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.016 · Cited by 110
“With experience, these individual features of the context become integrated into a unified contextual representation (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundPoulos, A. M., Ponnusamy, R., Dong, H.-W., & Fanselow, M. S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005754107 · Cited by 104
“The diversity of BST function as described above is likely reflected in the numerous subdivisions that comprise the BST, which receive a diverse set of afferents, such as those related to cognition (PFC), spatial information (HPF), and fear (BLAp and CEA), and in turn project to heterogeneous neural regions responsibl…”
BackgroundInfluentialStern, C. A. J., da Silva, T. R., Raymundi, A. M., de Souza, C. P., Sato, V., Kato, L., Guimarães, F. S., Andreatini, R., Takahashi, R. N., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.024 · Cited by 96
The functions of contexts in associative learning
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“A consequence of this thinking is that geometric (i.e., spatial) information and contextual processing are thought to be unique in the way they are processed (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerspectives on fear generalization and its implications for emotional disorders
Jasnow, A. M., Lynch, J. F., Gilman, T. L., & Riccio, D. C. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23837 · Cited by 97
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“The rationale behind the choice of these testswas that FC test presents an industry-standard cognitive paradigm encompassing contextual (hippocampus-dependent) and auditory (amygdala dependent) memory (Fanselow, 2010; Kim and Jung, 2006).”
Hippocampal Network Reorganization Underlies the Formation of a Temporal Association Memory
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Normal cognition in transgenic BRI2-Aβ mice
Kim, J., Chakrabarty, P., Hanna, A., March, A., Dickson, D. W., Borchelt, D. R., Golde, T., & Janus, C. (2013) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-8-15 · Cited by 83
“The memory of the context in which an animal experienced US depends on intact hippocampus [20], while the association between the tone stimulus and US depends on amygdala [19].”
Zhang, W., Bast, T., Xu, Y., & Feldon, J. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.10.044 · Cited by 80
“…Dong, 2010); ii) an alternative extra-hippocampal system can support contextual fear conditioning, but is less efficient than the hippocampus and, thus, is not able to sustain conditioning under more demanding circumstances, such as those that would result in weak contextual fear (Fanselow, 2010).”
InfluentialBazelot, M., Bocchio, M., Kasugai, Y., Fischer, D., Dodson, P. D., Ferraguti, F., & Capogna, M. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.024 · Cited by 84
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BackgroundContextual Fear Memories Formed in the Absence of the Dorsal Hippocampus Decay Across Time
Zelikowsky, M., Bissière, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4339-11.2012 · Cited by 83
“Therefore, when the primary circuit for a specific task is compromised, not only does it seem to be a general property of the brain that an alternate circuit be recruited to compensate (Fanselow, 2010), but it may also be a general finding that these compensatory memories fade with time.”
BackgroundInitial and sustained brain responses to contextual conditioned anxiety in humans
Andreatta, M., Glotzbach-Schoon, E., Mühlberger, A., Schulz, S. M., Wiemer, J., & Pauli, P. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.09.014 · Cited by 73
Cholinergic blockade frees fear extinction from its contextual dependency
Zelikowsky, M., Hast, T. A., Bennett, R. Z., Merjanian, M., Nocera, N. A., Ponnusamy, R., & Fanselow, M. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.006 · Cited by 71
“Such findings are in line with a more general role for the hippocampus in the encoding and processing of integrated contextual representations (41, 42).”
BackgroundDesign Principles of the Hippocampal Cognitive Map
Stachenfeld, K., Botvinick, M., & Gershman, S. J. (2014) · Cited by 74
Wang, Q., Jin, J., & Maren, S. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.04.002 · Cited by 75
“Considerable work has revealed that the hippocampus plays a crucial role in the context-dependence of fear memories after extinction (Fanselow, 2010; Gershman, Blei, and Niv, 2010; Komorowski, Eichenbaum, and Manns, 2009; Maren, Phan, and Liberzon, 2013; Redish, Jensen, Johnson, and Kurth-Nelson,…”
Extinguishing trace fear engages the retrosplenial cortex rather than the amygdala
Kwapis, J. L., Jarome, T. J., Lee, J. L. C., Gilmartin, M. R., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.007 · Cited by 66
“NMDA receptor blockade does not usually activate compensatory neural circuits, as the neurons are still actively communicating with other brain regions (see Fanselow, 2010 for review).”
Steiger-White, F., Nees, F., Wicking, M., Lang, S., & Flor, H. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.06.009 · Cited by 71
Memory as a new therapeutic target
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Behavioral mechanisms of context fear generalization in micePreprint
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“The potential ethical and social implications of such capabilities should not escape our notice.”
BackgroundResultEffects of predictability of shock timing and intensity on aversive responses
Shankman, S. A., Robison-Andrew, E. J., Nelson, B. D., Altman, S. E., & Campbell, M. L. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.02.008 · Cited by 57
“This hypothesis proposes that aspects of the broad experimental context can become associated with anxiety and unpredictability plays a pivotal role in this process (Davis, 1998; Fanselow, 1980; 2010; Grillon, 2002; Grillon et al., 2004).”
BackgroundRemembering Another Aspect of Forgetting
Jasnow, A. M., Cullen, P. K., & Riccio, D. C. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00175 · Cited by 61
“, and Fanselow, M. S. (2009). Persistence of fear memory across time requires the basolateral amygdala complex.”
BackgroundInfluentialTemporal factors control hippocampal contributions to fear renewal after extinction
Zelikowsky, M., Pham, D. L., & Fanselow, M. S. (2011) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20954 · Cited by 57
“For example, in contextual fear conditioning, animals with a damaged hippocampus are able to learn about a context, presumably by recruiting an alternate, compensatory structure (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialA role for anterior thalamic nuclei in contextual fear memory
Marchand, A. R., Faugère, A., Coutureau, É., & Wolff, M. (2013) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-013-0586-7 · Cited by 54
“It may be speculated that ATN lesions, like hippocampal lesions (Fanselow 2010), alter the encoding of contextual formation which may render these memories less enduring over time.”
Jablonski, S. A., Schiffino, F. L., & Stanton, M. E. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20621 · Cited by 60
“However, anterograde lesions eliminate the CPFE but only impair standard context conditioning under certain circumstances (Fanselow, 2010; Maren et al., 1997; Rudy, 2009; Wiltgen, Sanders, Anagnostaras, Sage & Fanselow, 2006).”
BackgroundDesign of a Neurally Plausible Model of Fear Learning
Krasne, F. B., Fanselow, M. S., & Zelikowsky, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00041 · Cited by 51
“…amygdala of cortical neurons that, through compensation or consolidation, have come to represent cue conjunctions it is to conjunctive representations that, in the absence of hippocampus, form cortically over tens of seconds as they do within the hippocampus in normal animals (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundTwining, R. C., Lepak, K., Kirry, A. J., & Gilmartin, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1453-19.2020 · Cited by 56
“The hippocampus is necessary for the contextual processing of environmental stimuli and is thought to provide a contextual representation to BLA for association with the shock during fear conditioning (Maren and Fanselow, 1995; Smith and Mizumori, 2006; Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundModulation of Aversive Memory by Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Drew, M. R., & Huckleberry, K. A. (2017) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0528-9 · Cited by 50
Nakagawa, T., Itoh, M., Ohta, K., Hayashi, Y., Hayakawa, M., Yamada, Y., Akanabe, H., CHIKAISHI, T., Nakagawa, K., Itoh, Y., et al. (2016) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000594 · Cited by 46
Revealing Context-Specific Conditioned Fear Memories with Full Immersion Virtual Reality
Huff, N. C., Hernandez, J. A., Fecteau, M. E., Zielinski, D. J., Brady, R. B., & LaBar, K. S. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00075 · Cited by 45
“Finally, by using multiple 3-D environmental contexts encountered in a fully immersive VR setting, the current study establishes feasibility of this innovative method for dissociating contextual and cued fear in humans that is more analogous to rodent paradigms of fear conditioning (Phillips and LeDoux, 1992; Rudy et…”
MethodThe posterior insular cortex is necessary for the consolidation of tone fear conditioning
de Paiva, J. P. Q., Bueno, A. P. A., Corrêa, M. D. S., Oliveira, M. G. M., Ferreira, T. L., & Fornari, R. V. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107402 · Cited by 42
A Dynamic Memory Systems Framework for Sex Differences in Fear Memory
Tronson, N. C., & Keiser, A. A. (2019) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.009 · Cited by 45
Tracking the Course of Hippocampal Representations during Learning: When Is the Map Required?
Schimanski, L. A., Lipa, P., & Barnes, C. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1348-12.2013 · Cited by 48
“The related idea that active competition between neural systems for a given task solution can occur and can result in the domination of one system over others (Fanselow, 2010) is consistent with the outcome of the present experiment.”
BackgroundResultWotjak, C. T. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5111-5 · Cited by 44
“…the association of temporally and spatially discrete elemental stimuli (possibly with information about internal state of the animals) into a conjunctive holistic representation of the test situation, called context (Fanselow 2010; Maren et al. 2013; Rudy et al. 2004; Wallenstein et al. 1998) (Fig.”
BackgroundEcological analysis of Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats
Zambetti, P. R., Schuessler, B. P., Lecamp, B., Shin, A., Kim, E. J., & Kim, J. J. (2022) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-022-03802-1 · Cited by 43
Dopamine regulation of contextual fear and associated neural circuit function
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“…(DH) encodes the contextual representation that is then conveyed via the ventral hippocampus (VH) and/or the medial PFC (mPFC) to the basolateral amygdala (BLA), where it is associated with US-related somatosensory input (Fanselow, 2010; Maren et al., 2013; Rudy, Huff, & Matus-Amat, 2004).”
BackgroundCIM6P / IGF ‐2 Receptor Ligands Reverse Deficits in Angelman Syndrome Model Mice
Cruz, E., Descalzi, G., Steinmetz, A. B., Scharfman, H. E., Katzman, A. C., & Alberini, C. M. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2418 · Cited by 45
“2C), which involves processing information about context experiences through the hippocampus-dependent memory system [Fanselow, 2010; Maren, Phan, & Liberzon, 2013].”
BackgroundMeasuring behaviour in rodents: Towards translational neuropsychiatric research
Homberg, J. R. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.005 · Cited by 45
Fear of the unexpected: Hippocampus mediates novelty-induced return of extinguished fear in rats
Maren, S. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.004 · Cited by 42
“The present data suggest that the hippocampus is important for novelty-induced renewal of fear, which is consistent with its longstanding role in memory processes (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1995; Fanselow, 2010) and novelty detection (Honey & Good, 2000; Vinogradova, 2001).”
Murawski, N. J., & Stanton, M. E. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01449.x · Cited by 38
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript efficient at supporting context conditioning through configural processes than is the hippocampus (Rudy, 2009; Fanselow, 2009).”
MethodContextual Fear Conditioning Alter Microglia Number and Morphology in the Rat Dorsal Hippocampus
Chaaya, N., Jacques, A., Belmer, A., Beecher, K., Ali, S. A., Chehrehasa, F., Battle, A. R., Johnson, L. R., & Bartlett, S. E. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00214 · Cited by 36
“Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a Pavlovian conditioning protocol whereby an animal, typically a rodent, is placed into a context (conditioned stimulus; CS) and provided with noxious stimuli (unconditioned stimulus; US) (Foa et al., 1992; Rothbaum and Davis, 2003; Fanselow, 2010; LeDoux, 2014; Chaaya et al., 201…”
BackgroundInfluentialContextual fear conditioning in humans using feature-identical contexts
Baeuchl, C., Meyer, P., Hoppstädter, M., Diener, C., & Flor, H. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.001 · Cited by 38
“According to this account, a single stimulus is thought to be represented in the neocortex and bound into an association with a threatening event in the amygdala (Fanselow, 2010; Rudy, 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSensory sensitivity as a link between concussive traumatic brain injury and PTSD
Hoffman, A. N., Lam, J., Hovda, D. A., Giza, C. C., & Fanselow, M. S. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50312-y · Cited by 38
360° Videos for Immersive Mental Health Interventions: a Systematic Review
Ionescu, A., Daele, T. V., Rizzo, A., Blair, C., & Best, P. (2021) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-021-00221-7 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, there is consistent evidence regarding the role of context conditioning in the emergence of anxiety (Fanselow, 2010), whereas the confrontation and processing the individualized contextual cues seems to be a key factor in PTSD recovery (Cohen, Liberzon, & Richter-Levin, 2008; Van Rooij et…”
BackgroundKnow thy SEFL: Fear sensitization and its relevance to stressor-related disorders
Nishimura, K., Poulos, A. M., Drew, M. R., & Rajbhandari, A. K. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104884 · Cited by 38
van Rooij, S. J. H., Ravi, M., Ely, T. D., Michopoulos, V., Winters, S., Shin, J., Marin, M., Milad, M. R., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Ressler, K. J., et al. (2021) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113282 · Cited by 38
Factors affecting graded and ungraded memory loss following hippocampal lesions
Winocur, G., Moscovitch, M., & Sekeres, M. J. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.001 · Cited by 33
“Fanselow (2010) concluded that the HPC group engaged in an inefficient form of relational or configural learning, rather than a qualitatively different learning strategy.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTigaret, C. M., Lin, T. E., Morrell, E., Sykes, L., Moon, A. L., O’Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., Wilkinson, L. S., Jones, M. W., Thomas, K. L., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-01001-0 · Cited by 37
Between-systems memory interference during retrieval
Sparks, F. T., Lehmann, H., & Sutherland, R. J. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07796.x · Cited by 30
“Thus, the HPC would interfere with the acquisition of information in other systems by overshadowing them (Lehmann et al., 2009; Fanselow, 2009).”
BackgroundTodd, T. P., DeAngeli, N. E., Jiang, M. Y., & Bucci, D. J. (2017) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000183 · Cited by 30
“…can be supported by either a configural or an elemental conditioning process (Anagnostaras, Gale, & Fanselow, 2001; Maren, 2001; Maren, Aharonov, & Fanselow, 1997; Rudy, 2009; Rudy, Barrientos, & O’Reilly, 2002; Rudy, Huff, & Matus-Amat, 2004; Sutherland & Rudy, 1989; but see Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCompensatory cognition in neurological diseases and aging: A review of animal and human studies
Kanishka, K., & Jha, S. K. (2022) · Aging Brain · doi:10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100061 · Cited by 32
“ability to report what is being learned [68].”
BackgroundInfluentialMarkowitz, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10030167 · Cited by 28
“The hippocampus also plays a major role in context fear conditioning and extinction by creating a context representation that the basolateral amygdala associates with the negative valence of the aversive US [76,77].”
BackgroundLiu, L., Zhang, Y., Men, S., Li, X., Hou, S., & Ju, J. (2023) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23503 · Cited by 27
“With footshock and context paired, contextual fear is rapidly formed (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundCoelho, C. A. O., Ferreira, T. L., Soares, J. C. K., Sato, J. R., & Oliveira, M. G. M. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006207 · Cited by 23
“…loss compensation in CFC inspired cognitively-oriented hypotheses about the content learned by non-hippocampal regions, some proposing a fragmented (elemental) context representation (Nadel and Willner, 1980; Rudy, 2009), others proposing a still configural representation (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialTrent, S., Abdullah, M. H., Parwana, K., Valdivieso, M. A., Hassan, Z., & Müller, C. P. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111310 · Cited by 33
“…drug-induced, hunger or cognitive states (Acca et al., 2017; Bouton et al., 1990; Cunningham, 1979), whilst external backgrounds (or exteroceptive states) can include a variety of environmental contexts such as spatial and social contexts (Fanselow, 2010; Maren et al., 2013; Rudy et al., 2004).”
Kordestani-Moghadam, P., Nasehi, M., Khodagholi, F., Vaseghi, S., Zarrindast, M., & Khani, M. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146739 · Cited by 24
Rodent mnemonic similarity task performance requires the prefrontal cortex
Johnson, S. A., Zequeira, S., Turner, S. M., Maurer, A. P., Bizon, J. L., & Burke, S. N. (2021) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23316 · Cited by 25
“On the other hand, it is increasingly acknowledged that specific functions or phases of memory processing cannot necessarily be ascribed to specific brain circuits, and that compensation for damage to a given region is possible due to dynamic and distributed processing (Fanselow, 2010; Ash and Rapp, 2014; Rubin et al.…”
BackgroundTemporal changes in c-Fos activation patterns induced by conditioned fear
Tulogdi, Á., Sörös, P., Tóth, M., Nagy, R., Bíró, L., Aliczki, M., Klausz, B., Mikics, É., & Haller, J. (2012) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.001 · Cited by 30
Lee, J. Q., Zelinski, E. L., McDonald, R. J., & Sutherland, R. J. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.034 · Cited by 26
Hypobaric hypoxia impairs cued and contextual fear memory in rats
Kumari, P., Kauser, H., Wadhwa, M., Roy, K., Alam, S., Sahu, S., Kishore, K., Ray, K., & Panjwani, U. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.026 · Cited by 24
Molecular and behavioral consequences of Ube3a gene overdosage in mice
Punt, A. M., Judson, M. C., Sidorov, M. S., Williams, B., Johnson, N. S., Belder, S., den Hertog, D., Davis, C. R., Feygin, M. S., Lang, P. F., et al. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.158953 · Cited by 25
“Hippocampal circuits principally subserve associative and spatial learning and memory (50, 51), and the long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal synapses likely serves as a cellular substrate for these processes (52, 53).”
Glenn, D. E., Risbrough, V. B., Simmons, A. N., Acheson, D. T., & Stout, D. M. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_30 · Cited by 23
Favorable adverse effect profile of brivaracetam vs levetiracetam in a preclinical model
Sanon, N. T., Gagné, J., Wolf, D. C., Aboulamer, S., Bosoi, C. M., Simard, A., Messiet, E., Desgent, S., & Carmant, L. (2017) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.11.019 · Cited by 23
The Posterior Insular Cortex is Necessary for the Consolidation of Tone Fear ConditioningPreprint
de Paiva, J. P. Q., Bueno, A. P. A., Corrêa, M. D. S., Oliveira, M. G. M., Ferreira, T. L., & Fornari, R. V. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.12.248294 · Cited by 23
“…of CFC and TFC tasks and, more precisely, whether there is a functional dissociation between the aIC and pIC on these two tasks, which are knowingly mediated and encoded by distinct neural circuitries (Fanselow, 2010; Ferreira et al., 2003, 2008; LeDoux, 2000; Phillips & LeDoux, 1992).”
BackgroundTrott, J. M., Krasne, F. B., & Fanselow, M. S. (2022) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.053515.121 · Cited by 25
Gonzalez, S. T., & Fanselow, M. S. (2020) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/pne0000207 · Cited by 27
“However, it is possible that such pre-training lesions could allow for the development of compensatory mechanisms (Fanselow, 2010).”
BackgroundOpioid regulation of Pavlovian overshadowing in fear conditioning.
Zelikowsky, M., & Fanselow, M. S. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0020083 · Cited by 21
“Thus, one can think of the brain as selecting one particular “salient” circuit over another to support fear conditioning (Fanselow, 2010).”
False context fear memory in ratsPreprint
Bae, S. E., Holmes, N. M., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.039065.115 · Cited by 22
Andreatta, M., Neueder, D., Glotzbach-Schoon, E., Mühlberger, A., & Pauli, P. (2016) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.044073.116 · Cited by 24
Coelho, C. A. O., Ferreira, T. L., Soares, J. C. K., & Oliveira, M. G. M. (2013) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22118 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Fanselow, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fanselow, Michael S.
- ORCID
- Fanselow, Michael S.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-15
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2818345
- OpenAlex
- W2041659763
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062122, MH62122)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- contextual fear, fear conditioning, memory systems, memory allocation, memory compensation, amnesia, memory encoding
- MeSH terms
- Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Judgment, Memory, Models, Psychological
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