Cited by 83Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

Normal cognition in transgenic BRI2-Aβ mice

Open access
Kim, Jungsu, Chakrabarty, Paramita, Hanna, Amanda, March, Amelia, Dickson, Dennis W, Borchelt, David R, Golde, Todd, Janus, Christopher·2013·Molecular Neurodegeneration

Abstract

Background: Recent research in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) field has been focused on the potential role of the amyloid-β protein that is derived from the transmembrane amyloid precursor protein (APP) in directly mediating cognitive impairment in AD. Transgenic mouse models overexpressing APP develop robust AD-like amyloid pathology in the brain and show various levels of cognitive decline. In the present study, we examined the cognition of the BRI2-Aβ transgenic mouse model in which secreted extracellular Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42 or both Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 peptides are generated from the BRI-Aβ fusion proteins encoded by the transgenes. BRI2-Aβ mice produce high levels of Aβ peptides and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice develop amyloid pathology that is similar to the pathology observed in mutant human APP transgenic models. Results: Using established behavioral tests that reveal deficits in APP transgenic models, BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice showed completely intact cognitive performance at ages both pre and post amyloid plaque formation. BRI2-Aβ mice producing Aβ1-40 or both peptides were also cognitively intact. Conclusions: These data indicate that high levels of Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42, or both produced in the absence of APP overexpression do not reproduce memory deficits observed in APP transgenic mouse models. This outcome is supportive of recent data suggesting that APP processing derivatives or the overexpression of full length APP may contribute to cognitive decline in APP transgenic mouse models. Alternatively, Aβ aggregates may impact cognition by a mechanism that is not fully recapitulated in these BRI2-Aβ mouse models.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

BRI2-Aβ transgenic mice producing high levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, or both without APP overexpression showed no cognitive deficits on a behavioral battery at ages before and after amyloid plaque formation. This suggests that Aβ accumulation alone may not reproduce the memory deficits seen in APP transgenic models.

Key findings

  • BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice had completely intact cognition at 12 months, when Aβ1-42 deposition begins, and at 14–17 months, when robust forebrain plaques are present; genotype effects were nonsignificant across fear conditioning, open-field, rotarod, water maze, and conditioned taste aversion tests (Table 1; ω² ranged from 0 to 0.09).
  • BRI2-Aβ1-40 and BRI2-Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 mice were also cognitively intact; bitransgenic mice showed reduced but not absent Aβ deposition.
  • At 17 months, BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice had amyloid plaque pathology and RIPA-soluble/insoluble Aβ levels comparable to 4-month-old APP CRND8 mice, an age when CRND8 mice showed reliable cognitive impairment in prior studies; higher-molecular-weight Aβ oligomeric species were present.
  • No significant correlations were found between forebrain Aβ1-42 levels and any non-cognitive or cognitive behavioral measure in BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice.

Methods

  • BRI2-Aβ mice expressing Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, or both were generated via a BRI2 fusion strategy and maintained on a hybrid C57/B6//C3H background; non-transgenic littermates served as controls.
  • Study 1 tested 72 mice at 12 months in fear conditioning. Study 2 tested 27 mice longitudinally at 14.2, 14.6, 15.1, 15.3, and 15.8 months in open-field, rotarod, visible-platform and spatial-reference water maze, and conditioned taste aversion; a separate naive cohort of 24 mice was tested in water maze at 17 months.
  • Aβ pathology was assessed by histochemical staining, sandwich ELISA after RIPA/SDS/formic acid extraction, and Western blotting; behavior was analyzed with factorial ANOVA/RMANOVA using genotype and sex, omega squared effect size, t-tests, and Spearman correlations.

Limitations

  • The authors state they cannot exclude the possibility that Aβ40 or other APP derivatives are required to trigger cognitive deficits, and that future testing of very old BRI2-Aβ1-40/BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice was precluded by an extensive premature death phenotype.
  • The authors note that acute injection of synthetic Aβ may be more toxic than chronic developmental exposure and may not reflect the BRI2-Aβ model’s prolonged, physiological Aβ secretion.
  • Evident from the text: cognitive testing was limited to ages up to 17 months, and the comparison to APP CRND8 cognitive impairment relies on prior studies rather than a concurrent APP transgenic control in the same behavioral battery.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1750-1326-8-15

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

15 of 34 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Study design and conductcitation

    The study characterized multiple memory systems of BRI2-Aβ mice to strengthen experimental and external validity and eliminate potential false negative results of cognitive evaluation.

    “To strengthen experimental and external validity of our study and to eliminate potential false negative results of cognitive evaluation, which could be observed only in one test or even limited to specific experimental settings [33], we characterized multiple memory systems of BRI2-Aβ mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Corcoran KA, Lu Y, Turner RS, Maren S: Overexpression of hAPPswe impairs rewarded alternation and contextual fear conditioning in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Learn Mem. 2002, 9: 243-252. 10.1101/lm.51002. source
  • Premisecitation

    Previous studies demonstrated age-dependent decline of conditioned fear memory in APP CRND8 mice.

    “In our previous studies, we also demonstrated age-dependent decline of conditioned fear memory in APP CRND8 mice [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Hanna A, Iremonger K, Das P, Dickson D, Golde T, Janus C: Age-related increase in amyloid plaque burden is associated with impairment in conditioned fear memory in CRND8 mouse model of amyloidosis. Alzheim Res Ther. 2012, 4: 21-10.1186/alzrt124. source
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Interaction with testing environment or personnel cannot explain the discrepancy, since the cognitive tests in the present study were run by the same PI and assistant as previously published work on APP CRND8 mice.

    “In addition, interaction with testing environment [38,39], or personnel cannot explain the discrepancy, since the cognitive tests in the present study were run by the same PI (CJ) and assistant (AH) as our previously published work on APP CRND8 mice [10,25,34].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] Hanna A, Horne P, Yager D, Eckman C, Eckman E, Janus C: Amyloid beta and impairment in multiple memory systems in older transgenic APP TgCRND8 mice. Genes Brain Behav. 2009, 8: 676-684. 10.1111/j.1601-183X.2009.00510.x. source
    • cites [25] Hanna A, Iremonger K, Das P, Dickson D, Golde T, Janus C: Age-related increase in amyloid plaque burden is associated with impairment in conditioned fear memory in CRND8 mouse model of amyloidosis. Alzheim Res Ther. 2012, 4: 21-10.1186/alzrt124. source
    • cites [34] Janus C, Welzl H, Hanna A, Lovasic L, Lane N, St George-Hyslop P, Westaway D: Impaired conditioned taste aversion learning in APP transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2004, 25: 1213-1219. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.11.007. source
  • Interpretationcitation

    The reported behavioral outcomes in the rat model of virally-mediated BRI2-Aβ expression were not fully consistent with memory impairment.

    “However, the reported behavioral outcomes were not fully consistent with memory impairment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Lawlor PA, Bland RJ, Das P, Price RW, Holloway V, Smithson L, Dicker BL, During MJ, Young D, Golde TE: Novel rat Alzheimer's disease models based on AAV-mediated gene transfer to selectively increase hippocampal Abeta levels. Mol Neurodegener. 2007, 2: 11-10.1186/1750-1326-2-11. source
  • Interpretationcitation

    The observed dissociation between Aβ accumulation in the brain of BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice and cognitive decline provides a novel research tool to investigate the formation of molecular assemblies and conformational changes, as well as contribution of additional factors which may lead to amyloid-β toxicity and consequently to memory decline.

    “Overall, the observed dissociation between Aβ accumulation in the brain of BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice and cognitive decline provides a novel research tool to investigate the formation of molecular assemblies and conformational changes, as well as contribution of additional factors which may lead to amyloid-β toxicity and consequently to memory decline [59].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Broersen K, Rousseau F, Schymkowitz J: The culprit behind amyloid beta peptide related neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease: oligomer size or conformation?. Alzheim Res Ther. 2010, 2: 12-10.1186/alzrt36. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
  • May combine two claims. 9
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The accumulation of β-secretase cleaved fragments of APP has been implicated as mediators of behavioral dysfunction.

    “The accumulation of β-secretase cleaved fragments of APP has been implicated as mediators of behavioral dysfunction”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [54] Mitani Y, Yarimizu J, Saita K, Uchino H, Akashiba H, Shitaka Y, Ni K, Matsuoka N: Differential effects between gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators on cognitive function in amyloid precursor protein-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2012, 32: 2037-2050. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4264-11.2012. source
    • cites [55] Tamayev R, D'Adamio L: Inhibition of gamma-secretase worsens memory deficits in a genetically congruous mouse model of Danish dementia. Mol Neurodegener. 2012, 7: 19-10.1186/1750-1326-7-19. source
    • cites [56] Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Zhang Z, Paganetti PA, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M, Mautino J, Vigo FS, Sommer B, Yankner BA: Amyloid beta interacts with the amyloid precursor protein: a potential toxic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci. 2000, 3: 460-464. 10.1038/74833. source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Evaluations of APP transgenic mice in the fear conditioning test demonstrated clear memory impairments in the Tg2576 model at ages preceding Aβ deposition.

    “These results are apparently in contrast with the evaluations of APP transgenic mice in fear conditioning test, which demonstrated clear memory impairments in Tg2576 model at ages preceding Aβ deposition [32].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Dineley KT, Hogan D, Zhang WR, Taglialatela G: Acute inhibition of calcineurin restores associative learning and memory in Tg2576 APP transgenic mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2007, 88: 217-224. 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.03.010. source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many APP transgenic mouse models develop relevant AD-related Aβ pathology and exhibit cognitive impairment within 6 to 12 months of age.

    “Though many APP transgenic mouse models have been shown to develop relevant AD-related Aβ pathology and exhibit cognitive impairment within 6 to 12 months of age [2-4]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Janus C, Chishti MA, Westaway D: Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000, 1502: 63-75. 10.1016/S0925-4439(00)00033-8. source

      Table 2 reports Aβ plaque deposition by 6–12 months in several APP transgenic lines, and §4.2 reports cognitive impairment in Tg2576 mice from about 10 months. But §4.2 says several lines had not been behaviorally tested and cautions that apparent learning deficits in others were confounded. The paper therefore does not establish that many lines exhibited both pathology and cognitive impairment within 6–12 months (page numbers unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [3] Ashe KH: Mechanisms of memory loss in Abeta and tau mouse models. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005, 33: 591-594. source
    • cites [4] Higgins GA, Jacobsen H: Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: phenotype and application. Behav Pharmacol. 2003, 14: 419-438. source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Accumulation of sAPPβ and/or β-CTF may affect long-term potentiation and memory acquisition in mouse models.

    “For example, the accumulation of amino-terminal-soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) and/or β-carboxyl-terminal fragments (β-CTF) may affect long-term potentiation (LTP) [5] and memory acquisition in mouse models [6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Deyts C, Vetrivel KS, Das S, Shepherd YM, Dupre DJ, Thinakaran G, Parent AT: Novel GalphaS-protein signaling associated with membrane-tethered amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain. J Neurosci. 2012, 32: 1714-1729. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5433-11.2012. source

      The Discussion (page not provided) proposes that signaling from accumulated APP-CTF could regulate synaptic plasticity and memory formation, which supports the claim’s cautious wording about a possible effect. The Results examine neurite outgrowth in cells and cultured neurons, not memory acquisition in mouse models; the cited passages also do not establish an effect of sAPPβ. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [6] Tamayev R, Matsuda S, Arancio O, D'Adamio L: β- but not γ-secretase proteolysis of APP causes synaptic and memory deficits in a mouse model of dementia. EMBO Mol Med. 2012, 4: 171-179. 10.1002/emmm.201100195. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous studies have shown that aggregated Aβ can interact with APP.

    “and previous studies have shown that aggregated Aβ can interact with APP [54-56]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [54] Mitani Y, Yarimizu J, Saita K, Uchino H, Akashiba H, Shitaka Y, Ni K, Matsuoka N: Differential effects between gamma-secretase inhibitors and modulators on cognitive function in amyloid precursor protein-transgenic and nontransgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2012, 32: 2037-2050. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4264-11.2012. source

      The Introduction says Aβ is produced by cleavage of APP, and the cultured-cell results examine how drugs affect APP processing and Aβ secretion. Neither passage addresses whether aggregated Aβ interacts with APP; searches for that interaction and for Aβ oligomers binding APP found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [55] Tamayev R, D'Adamio L: Inhibition of gamma-secretase worsens memory deficits in a genetically congruous mouse model of Danish dementia. Mol Neurodegener. 2012, 7: 19-10.1186/1750-1326-7-19. source

      The Background states that Aβ is derived from APP and that BRI2 binds APP, but it does not say that aggregated Aβ interacts with APP. Searches for aggregated Aβ binding or interacting with APP found no passage addressing that interaction in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [56] Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Zhang Z, Paganetti PA, Sturchler-Pierrat C, Staufenbiel M, Mautino J, Vigo FS, Sommer B, Yankner BA: Amyloid beta interacts with the amyloid precursor protein: a potential toxic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Neurosci. 2000, 3: 460-464. 10.1038/74833. source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Selective expression of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 in the brain using virally-mediated gene transfer of BRI2-Aβ fusion proteins modified behavior in a rat model.

    “Interestingly, it has been reported that selective expression of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 in the brain using virally-mediated gene transfer of BRI2-Aβ fusion proteins modified behavior in a rat model [58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Lawlor PA, Bland RJ, Das P, Price RW, Holloway V, Smithson L, Dicker BL, During MJ, Young D, Golde TE: Novel rat Alzheimer's disease models based on AAV-mediated gene transfer to selectively increase hippocampal Abeta levels. Mol Neurodegener. 2007, 2: 11-10.1186/1750-1326-2-11. source
  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The apparent lack of a consistent trend in behavioral changes across behavioral tests in AAV-BRI2-Aβ1-42 rats and their apparently unimpaired spatial and short-term object recognition memories are consistent with the lack of cognitive impairment in BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice observed in the present study.

    “The apparent lack of a consistent trend in behavioral changes across behavioral tests in AAV-BRI2-Aβ1-42 rats and apparently their unimpaired spatial and short-term object recognition memories [58] are consistent with the lack of cognitive impairment in BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice observed in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Lawlor PA, Bland RJ, Das P, Price RW, Holloway V, Smithson L, Dicker BL, During MJ, Young D, Golde TE: Novel rat Alzheimer's disease models based on AAV-mediated gene transfer to selectively increase hippocampal Abeta levels. Mol Neurodegener. 2007, 2: 11-10.1186/1750-1326-2-11. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Study 1 demonstrated uncompromised hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory and amygdala-dependent tone fear memory in all BRI2-Aβ lines tested at early stages of Aβ1-42 pathology in BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice.

    “In conclusion, the results of Study 1 demonstrated an uncompromised hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory, and amygdala-dependent tone fear memory in all BRI2-Aβ lines tested at the early stages of Aβ1-42 pathology in BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 15.3 months, non-Tg, BRI2-Aβ1-40, and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice showed significant improvement in search paths for the submerged escape platform during training, with no significant effect of genotype.

    “The results revealed that non-Tg, BRI2-Aβ1-40, and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice showed a significant improvement in their search paths for the submerged escape platform during training (F(4,84) = 10.8, p < 0.001, RMANOVA, Figure 4A), with no significant effect of the genotype (Table 1)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In a separate cohort of naïve 17-month-old mice, both non-Tg and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice showed significant improvement in search path during training, with no significant differences between genotypes.

    “The results revealed that similarly to the first WM test, both non-Tg and BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice showed a significant improvement in their search path during training (F(4,76) = 5.8, p < 0.001, RMANOVA, Figure 4D), with no significant differences between the genotypes (Table 1) or interaction effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The presence of aggregated extracellular Aβ42 species along with concurrent overt Aβ42 amyloid plaque deposition at later ages did not affect motivation to explore the novel environment of the open-field arena, motor coordination, or swimming ability.

    “Our results also indicate that the presence of aggregated extracellular Aβ42 species along with concurrent overt Aβ42 amyloid plaque deposition at later ages did not affect motivation to explore novel environment of the open-field arena, their motor coordination, or swimming ability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    At 12 months, comparison between non-Tg and the three BRI2-Aβ lines did not reveal significant genotype differences in initial exploration of the training chamber or in freezing rates during contextual and tone memory tests.

    “The comparison between non-transgenic (non-Tg) and the three BRI2-Aβ (BRI2-Aβ1-40, BRI2-Aβ1-42, and BRI2Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42) lines did not reveal significant genotype differences in the initial exploration of the training chamber (Table 1) or in freezing rates during contextual and tone memory tests (Figure 2, Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Only BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice develop Aβ amyloid pathology in the brain at age 12 months with robust compact Aβ plaques in the hippocampus at 14 months.

    “However, only BRI2-Aβ1-42 mice develop Aβ amyloid pathology in the brain at the age of 12 months with robust compact Aβ plaques in the hippocampus at 14 months [7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] McGowan E, Pickford F, Kim J, Onstead L, Eriksen J, Yu C, Skipper L, Murphy MP, Beard J, Das P: Abeta42 is essential for parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposition in mice. Neuron. 2005, 47: 191-199. 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.06.030. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Overexpression of full-length human APP in transgenic mice generates multiple biologically active APP proteolytic fragments potentially capable of altering behaviour.

    “The overexpression of full-length human APP in transgenic mice generates multiple biologically active APP proteolytic fragments, potentially capable of altering behaviour.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The tests in the battery were administered from least to most invasive to minimize affecting behavior by prior test history.

    “The tests in the battery were administered in the above listed order, from least to most invasive [61], to minimize affecting behavior by prior test history.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] McIlwain KL, Merriweather MY, Yuva-Paylor LA, Paylor R: The use of behavioral test batteries: effects of training history. Physiol Behav. 2001, 73: 705-717. 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00528-5. source
  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omega squared estimates the proportion of systematic variance in the population instead of the sample, thus allowing better generalization of results, and it is relatively independent of sample size.

    “Omega squared estimates the proportion of systematic variance in the population instead of the sample [66], thus allowing better generalization of results, and it is relatively independent of sample size [67,68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [66] Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS: Using Multivariate Statistics. 1989, New York: Harper Collins Publishers Inc, 2

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [67] Levine TR, Hullett CR: Eta squared, partial eta squared, and misreporting of effect size in communication research. Hum Commun Res. 2002, 28: 612-625. 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00828.x. source
    • cites [68] Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 1988, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    One male in the BRI2-Aβ1-42 group died before the onset of the CTA test, reducing the sample size of this group to 8 mice.

    “One male in BRI2-Aβ1-42 group died before the onset of CTA test, reducing the sample size of this group to 8 mice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
17 of 17

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • ConsistentF(1, 64) = 4.8reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032

    “F(1,64) = 4.8, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 21) = 5.5reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .029

    “F(1,21) = 5.5, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(2, 48) = 7.3reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(2,48) = 7.3, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(2, 42) = 38.9reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2,42) = 38.9, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 21) = 2reported p = .2 · recomputed p = .160

    “F(2,21) = 2.0, p = .2”

  • ConsistentF(1, 21) = 0.1reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .755

    “F(1,21) = 0.1, p = .8”

  • ConsistentF(2, 21) = 0.2reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .820

    “F(2,21) = 0.2, p = .8”

  • ConsistentF(2, 24) = 2.3reported p = .1 · recomputed p = .122

    “F(2,24) = 2.3, p = .1”

  • ConsistentF(4, 84) = 10.8reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(4,84) = 10.8, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 21) = 10.1reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .005

    “F(1,21) = 10.1, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 21) = 2reported p = .17 · recomputed p = .172

    “F(1,21) = 2.0, p = .17”

  • Consistentt(25) = 1.4reported p = .2 · recomputed p = .174

    “t(25) = 1.4, p = .2”

  • ConsistentF(4, 76) = 5.8reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(4,76) = 5.8, p < .001”

  • Consistentt(10) = 2.6reported p = .026 · recomputed p = .026

    “t(10) = 2.6, p = .026”

  • Consistentt(12) = 2.5reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .028

    “t(12) = 2.5, p = .027”

  • ConsistentF(1, 35) = 14.1reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1,35) = 14.1, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 35) = 4.8reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .035

    “F(1,35) = 4.8, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 35) = 11.7reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(1,35) = 11.7, p < .01”

  • Consistentt(22) = 2.2reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .039

    “t(22) = 2.2, p < .05”

  • Consistentt(19) = 2.8reported p < .02 · recomputed p = .011

    “t(19) = 2.8, p < .02”

  • ConsistentF(2, 40) = 2reported p = .16 · recomputed p = .149

    “F(2,40) = 2.0, p = .16”

  • ConsistentF(1, 30) = 1reported p = .34 · recomputed p = .325

    “F(1,30) = 1.0, p = .34”

  • ConsistentF(5, 30) = 1.3reported p = .31 · recomputed p = .290

    “F(5,30) = 1.3, p = .31”

  • ConsistentF(2, 20) = 1.3reported p = .3 · recomputed p = .295

    “F(2,20) = 1.3, p = .30”

24 of 24

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Non-Tg probe-trial degrees of freedom exceed the stated group size

    Minor

    The methods specify 12 non-Tg mice in the 17-month-old cohort, but the reported one-sample test for that group has 12 degrees of freedom, which requires 13 observations.

  • Conflicting ages for the open-field test

    Minor

    The results and methods place the open-field test at 14.2 months, but the Figure 3 caption places it at 14.4 months.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Cohen J: Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. 1988, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Kim, J., Chakrabarty, P., Hanna, A., March, A., Dickson, D. W., Borchelt, D. R., Golde, T., & Janus, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Florida (US)
  • Mayo Clinic (US)
Corresponding author
  • Golde, Todd
  • Janus, Christopher
Venue
Molecular Neurodegeneration
Published
2013-05-12
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
15-15
ISSN
1750-1326 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2140788457
Cited by
83
References
72
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4
FWCI
5.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Molecular Neurodegeneration (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (R01AG018454)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, amyloid precursor protein, Aβ40, amyloid-beta 42, amyloid plaques, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, APP overexpression, amyloid fibril formation
MeSH terms
Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Cognition, Disease Models, Animal, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Membrane Proteins, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Peptide Fragments, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Blotting, Western, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-17.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-17.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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