Cited by 453Memory and Neural MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory Processes and Influences

Fear memory

Izquierdo, Ivan, Furini, Cristiane R. G., Myskiw, Jociane C.·2016·Physiological Reviews

Abstract

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past 60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning and fear conditioning to a tone) and one instrumental procedure (one-trial inhibitory avoidance). Fear memory is formed in the hippocampus (contextual conditioning and inhibitory avoidance), in the basolateral amygdala (inhibitory avoidance), and in the lateral amygdala (conditioning to a tone). The circuitry involves, in addition, the pre- and infralimbic ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the central amygdala subnuclei, and the dentate gyrus. Fear learning models, notably inhibitory avoidance, have also been very useful for the analysis of the biochemical mechanisms of memory consolidation as a whole. These studies have capitalized on in vitro observations on long-term potentiation and other kinds of plasticity. The effect of a very large number of drugs on fear learning has been intensively studied, often as a prelude to the investigation of effects on anxiety. The extinction of fear learning involves to an extent a reversal of the flow of information in the mentioned structures and is used in the therapy of posttraumatic stress disorder and fear memories in general.

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Crossref · 10.1152/physrev.00018.2015

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  • There is still a consensus that the amygdala, hippocampus, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning and, especially, fear extinction.

    “there is still a consensus that the Am, Hip, vmPFC, and ACC are central to fear learning [review in Ref. (193, 194)] and, especially, fear extinction [reviews in Ref. (187, 188, 195)].”

    From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [194]

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Authors
Izquierdo, I., Furini, C. R. G., & Myskiw, J. C.
Affiliations
  • National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, National Research Council of Brazil, and Memory Center, Brain Institute, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
  • Instituto do Cérebro (BR)
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Published
2016-04
Volume
96
Issue
2
Pages
695-750
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
OpenAlex
W4211021876
Cited by
453
References
655
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 15
FWCI
4.41
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords
fear memory, fear conditioning, contextual fear conditioning, passive avoidance, hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, lateral amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, central amygdala, dentate gyrus, memory consolidation, long-term potentiation, synaptic plasticity, drugs of abuse, anxiety, fear extinction, post-traumatic stress disorder
MeSH terms
Memory Consolidation, Amygdala, Animals, Conditioning, Psychological, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Hippocampus, Hormones, Humans, Limbic System, Neuronal Plasticity, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Synapses, Prefrontal Cortex, Neurotransmitter Agents

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