Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage
Abstract
Free radicals are involved in neurodegenerative disorders, such as ischemia and aging. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with diets enriched with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina have been shown to reduce neurodegenerative changes in aged animals. The purpose of this study was to determine if these diets have neuroprotective effects in focal ischemic brain. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with equal amounts of diets (blueberry, spinach, and spirulina) or with control diet. After 4 weeks of feeding, all animals were anesthetized with chloral hydrate. The right middle cerebral artery was ligated with a 10-O suture for 60 min. The ligature was later removed to allow reperfusional injury. Animals were sacrificed and brains were removed for caspase-3 enzymatic assays and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at 8 and 48 h after the onset of reperfusion. A subgroup of animals was used for locomotor behavior and biochemical assays. We found that animals which received blueberry, spinach, or spirulina enriched diets had a significant reduction in the volume of infarction in the cerebral cortex and an increase in post-stroke locomotor activity. There was no difference in blood biochemistry, blood CO2, and electrolyte levels among all groups, suggesting that the protection was not indirectly mediated through the changes in physiological functions. Animals treated with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina had significantly lower caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere. In conclusion, our data suggest that chronic treatment with blueberry, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis and cerebral infarction.
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In cerebral ischemia, Spirulina treatment has neuroprotective effects with progressive decline in TUNEL positive cells and caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere.
“In cerebral ischemia, a condition marked by cerebral hypoxia with the generation of free radicals, ROS or reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and energy crisis, Spirulina treatment evidenced neuroprotective effects with progressive decline in TUNEL positive cells and caspase-3 activity in the ischemic hemisphere [48].”
From Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Wang, Y., Chang, C.-F., Chou, J., Chen, H.-L., Deng, X., Harvey, B. K., Cadet, J. L., & Bickford, P. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- University of South Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bickford, Paula C.
- Venue
- Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-05
- Volume
- 193
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-84
- ISSN
- 0014-4886 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113563491
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service
- National Institute on Aging (AG04418, P01AG004418)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- blueberry, spinach, Spirulina, dietary supplementation, cerebral ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neuroprotection, caspase-3, apoptosis, cerebral infarction, middle cerebral artery occlusion, locomotor recovery, free radicals, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Cyanobacteria, Animals, Antioxidants, Bacterial Proteins, Brain Ischemia, Male, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Spinacia oleracea, Dietary Supplements, Blueberry Plants, Rats, Spirulina
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