The DOI matches its Crossref record; 102 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recycling chains for lithium-ion batteries: A critical examination of current challenges, opportunities and process dependencies
Open accessAbstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show high energy densities and are therefore used in a wide range of applications: from portable electronics to stationary energy storage systems and traction batteries used for e-mobility. Considering the projected increase in global demand for this energy storage technology, driven primarily by growth in e-vehicles, and looking at the criticality of some raw materials used in LIBs, the need for an efficient recycling strategy emerges. In this study, current state-of-the-art technologies for LIB recycling are reviewed and future opportunities and challenges, in particular to recover critical raw materials such as lithium or cobalt, are derived. Special attention is paid to the interrelationships between mechanical or thermal pre-treatment and hydro- or pyrometallurgical post-treatment processes. Thus, the unique approach of the article is to link processes beyond individual stages within the recycling chain. It was shown that influencing the physicochemical properties of intermediate products can lead to reduced recycling rates or even the exclusion of certain process options at the end of the recycling chain. More efforts are needed to improve information and data sharing on the exact composition of feedstock for recycling as well as on the processing history of intermediates to enable closed loop LIB recycling. The technical understanding of the interrelationships between different process combinations, such as pyrolytic or mechanical pre-treatment for LIB deactivation and metal separation, respectively, followed by hydrometallurgical treatment, is of crucial importance to increase recovery rates of cathodic metals such as cobalt, nickel, and lithium, but also of other battery components.
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Cites
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Recycling lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles
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A review of lithium-ion battery safety concerns: The issues, strategies, and testing standards
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A Critical Review and Analysis on the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Pyrometallurgical options for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review
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Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives
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Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes
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Cited by
Maisel, F., Neef, C., Marscheider-Weidemann, F., & Nissen, N. F. (2023) · Resources, Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106920 · Cited by 405
Gutsch, M., & Leker, J. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122132 · Cited by 247
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Harper, G. D. J., Kendrick, E., Anderson, P. A., Mrozik, W., Christensen, P., Lambert, S., Greenwood, D., Das, P. K., Ahmeid, M., Milojevic, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of Physics: Energy · doi:10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 · Cited by 137
Rensmo, A., Savvidou, E. K., Cousins, I. T., Hu, X., Schellenberger, S., & Benskin, J. P. (2023) · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d2em00511e · Cited by 123
Critical Review of Lithium Recovery Methods: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions
Jose, S. A., Stoll, J. L., Smith, T., Jackson, C., Dieleman, T., Leath, E., Eastwood, N., & Menezes, P. L. (2024) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr12102203 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Windisch-Kern, S., Gerold, E., Nigl, T., Jandric, A., Altendorfer, M., Rutrecht, B., Scherhaufer, S., Raupenstrauch, H., Pomberger, R., Antrekowitsch, H., & Part, F.
- Venue
- Waste Management
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 138
- Pages
- 125-139
- ISSN
- 0956-053X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200147777
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 102
- FWCI
- 16.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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- Windisch-Kern, S., Gerold, E., Nigl, T., Jandric, A., Altendorfer, M., Rutrecht, B., Scherhaufer, S., Raupenstrauch, H., Pomberger, R., Antrekowitsch, H., & Part, F. (2022). Recycling chains for lithium-ion batteries: A critical examination of current challenges, opportunities and process dependencies. Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.038
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
