The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Abstract
Short-term changes in activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system are routinely assessed by measuring glucocorticoid or metabolite concentrations in plasma, saliva, urine, or feces. However, there are no current methods for determining long-term (i.e., weeks or months) activity of this system. Herein, we describe the development and validation of a simple procedure for measuring cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. This procedure involves two brief isopropanol washes of the hair strands to remove surface contaminants, subsequent powdering of the washed and dried hair, a 24-h methanol extraction followed by evaporation of the solvent and reconstitution of the extract in assay buffer, and finally analysis of the extracted cortisol by a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay. Our results confirm the specificity of the procedure for cortisol, show that proximal and distal segments of hair do not differ in their cortisol concentration, and demonstrate that a significant and prolonged stressful experience produces a significant increase in hair cortisol. This new procedure should be valuable for assessing baseline HPA activity in nonhuman primates (and, with appropriate validation, in other species as well) over relatively long periods of time, and also for monitoring chronic stress that might be associated with various experimental manipulations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“providing prospective validation of the hair cortisol method as a field-friendly biological marker of stress exposure”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Davenport et al., 2006
Citations
Cites
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition
(2011) · doi:10.17226/12910 · Cited by 16,199
The 1996 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Clark, J. D., Gebhart, G. F., Gonder, J. C., Keeling, M. E., & Kohn, D. F. (1997) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.38.1.41 · Cited by 4,429
Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: recent developments and applications
Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1994) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(94)90013-2 · Cited by 2,107
DUNN, J. F., NISULA, B. C., & RODBARD, D. (1981) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-53-1-58 · Cited by 1,238
Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results
Wennig, R. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00146-2 · Cited by 677
Hair Analysis for Drugs of Abuse
Baumgartner, W., Hill, V., & BLAHD, W. H. (1989) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs12787j · Cited by 473
Anatomy and physiology of hair
Harkey, M. R. (1993) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/0379-0738(93)90255-9 · Cited by 380
Detection of physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in human hair
Raul, J.-S., Cirimele, V., Ludes, B., & Kintz, P. (2004) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.02.010 · Cited by 348
Cirimele, V., Kintz, P., Dumestre-Toulet, V., Goullé, J., & Ludes, B. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00180-2 · Cited by 190
Cone, E. J., Yousefnejad, D., Darwin, W. D., & Maguire, T. (1991) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/15.5.250 · Cited by 187
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Lutz, 2005, The effect of relocation on nighttime activity and salivary cortisol in singly-housed male Macaca mulatta with and without a record of self-injury, Am. J. Primatol., 66, 83
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–656 of 656
Novelty-Seeking in Vervets: Developmental, Genetic, and Environmental Influences
Fairbanks, L. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.016
Vervet Monkeys’ Social Learning Abilities
van de Waal, E. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.013
Biological Complexity in Primate Sociality and Health
Wren, B. T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.011
Yamanashi, Y. (2019) · Primate Research · doi:10.2354/psj.35.006
“…and Kramer, 2005）。 こうした背景から，ストレス特に長期的なストレス評 価が動物福祉を考えるうえで重要視されてきたが，野 生動物では使用可能な手法が限られることが多いため， ほとんど研究されてこなかった。 近年，毛中コルチゾルの有効性が報告されるように なった。毛には血液中から毛根細胞に排出された様々 な物質が保存されている。そのため，毛中に排出され たコルチゾルを測定することで，数日から数か月にわ たるストレス状態をまとめて測ることができるのでは ないかと考えられるようになった。これまで生理学的 な 妥 当 性 評 価 の 実…”
Governo, R. J. M., Alyusuf, D. A., & Gard, P. R. (2019) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194468
Wan, C. (2019) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-23821
Cavieres, A. D., & Niemeyer, H. M. (2020) · Revista Chilena de Salud Pública · doi:10.5354/0719-5281.2020.57582
Breastfeeding and Stress in ChildrenPreprint
Ludvigsson, J., Faresjö, Å., & Faresjö, T. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-104367/v1
Exploring the Utility of Hair Endocannabinoids for Monitoring Homeostasis in Bonobos
Behringer, V., Krumbholz, A., Stevens, J. M. G., Keiler, A. M., Zierau, O., & Hohmann, G. (2020) · Physiological and Biochemical Zoology · doi:10.1086/712658
“In nonhuman primates, hair sampleshavebeenused tovalidatemethods to assess cortisol levels as a proxy for stress responses (Davenport et al. 2006; Carlitz et al. 2014; Dettmer et al. 2014; Fourie et al. 2015; InoueMurayama et al. 2018).”
BackgroundNuss, K., Nogler, S., Lüchinger, I., Hässig, M., Pieper, L., & Knubben-Schweizer, G. (2020) · Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe G Großtiere / Nutztiere · doi:10.1055/a-1245-5212
Endocrine and Behavioural Plasticity in Vertebrates
Fry, A. L. (2021) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.56835
Methylomic and transcriptomic predictors of one-month exposure to cortisol in healthy individuals
Lee, R. S., Zandi, P. P., Lin, Y., Seifuddin, F., Benke, K. S., McCaul, M. E., Reitz, K., & Wand, G. S. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1946509
“Further, the original hair cortisol validation study was performed in primates and humans using only several days’ worth of salivary (Davenport et al., 2006) or 24-h urine (Sauve et al.”
MethodA new male in the group: a blessing or a burden?
Rox, A. (2021) · doi:10.33540/703
Meidam, B. J., Meredith, E. K., Kapoor, A., Bennett, A. J., & Pierre, P. J. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.12.01.470773
“, 2021) and decrease after the stressor is removed (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEarly stress, cortisol in hair and health among children in different psychosocial environments
Karlén, J. (2014) · Linköping University Electronic Press eBooks · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-111096
Vauhdittajista vakinaiseksi toiminnaksi : Ulkoinen arviointi Etelä-Savon nuorten ESR-hankkeista
Pitkänen, S., Harju, H., & Spangar, T. (2014) · Doria (University of Helsinki)
(2012) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00672.x
Turner, T. R., Schmitt, C. A., & Cramer, J. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.001
(2007) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3281de7489
Turner Trudy, R., Schmitt, C. A., & Danzy, C. J. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.023
Turner, T. R., Schmitt, C. A., & Cramer, J. D. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781139019941.022
Preinbergs, J. K. (2022) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789179294274
Hair cortisol as a biomarker for mood in bipolar disorder: a pilot studyPreprint
Maimon, L., Milo, T., Haran, D., Cohen, B., Danon, T., Bren, A., Mayo, A., Rappaport, G. C., & Alon, U. S. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2484487/v1
Intra- and inter-specific cortisol coregulation
Solman, C. L. (2023) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.62704
Fat or fit: correlates, consequences and control of overweight in group-housed primates
Zijlmans, D. G. M. (2023) · doi:10.33540/1716
BOWMAN, A. W., Christensen, J. R., Dagneau, C., Kavousanaki, D., Millar, K., & Moore, J. (2023) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104270
Brief introduction to welfare assessment: a ‘toolbox’ of techniques
Lofgren, J. L. S. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119555278.ch6
Wigley, I. L. C. M., Mustonen, P., Karlsson, L., Nolvi, S., Scheinin, N. M., Kortesluoma, S., Pastore, M., Tervahartiala, K., Coimbra, B., Rodrigues, A. J., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.06.610927
Swaminathan, K., MacDonald, S., & Doan, S. N. (2024) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22548
Parés, R., Llonch, P., López-Béjar, M., Carbajal, A., Such, X., & Manteca, X. (2024) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105609
Krueger, A., Cruickshank, J., Ateş, S., Trevisi, E., & Bionaz, M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1080/10888705.2025.2451942
“Each sample was prepared as previously described (Davenport et al., 2006; Fischer-Tenhagen et al., 2018; Moya et al., 2013) with modifications.”
Effects of dam fear and stress on metrics of puppy welfare in commercial breeding kennels
Romaniuk, A. C., Barnard, S., Shreyer, T., & Croney, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85936-w · Cited by 2
Chen, S., Xu, Y., Sim, L., Wen, W., Ip, K. I., Clendinen, C., & Kim, S. Y. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107426
Bilodeau-Houle, A., Duplessis-Marcotte, F., Raymond, C., Primiani, R., & Marin, M. (2025) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-025-02898-z
“As described in R a y m o n d et al. (2022a), the protocol validated by Davenport et al. (2006) was used for hair washing and steroid extraction.”
Stress responses in free ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in eastern Türkiye
Naderi, M., Palme, R., Yarnell, K., Çoban, E., Çoban, A. K., Kusak, J., & Sekercioglu, C. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1639623
Shimizu, K., Ochi, G., Oneyama, K., Okamoto, Y., Fujimoto, T., & Yamashiro, K. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7872377/v1
Cottle, D., & Pitchford, W. S. (2014) · CSIRO Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1071/9780643109896.ch18
Pividori, I., Peric, T., Comin, A., Rosso, N., Gazzin, S., Corazzin, M., & Prandi, A. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15111722
“Steroids were extracted, in agreement with Davenport et al. (2006) [46], by incubating each sample for 16 hours in methanol ( ≥ 99.8%, Avantor Chemicals, Radnor, PA, USA) at 37 ◦ C.”
InfluentialEffect of season of collection and storage method on equine hair cortisol concentration
Rivers, S. M., Robertson, G., O’Sullivan, L. M., Powell, T. H., & Porr, C. A. S. (2026) · Journal of Equine Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2026.105888
Psychosocial stressors, sleep quality, and hair cortisol concentrations among pregnant women
Jiang, R., Etzel, L. C., Schmid, L., Lee, V., Short, S. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C. B., & Garrett-Peters, P. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109160 · Cited by 1
Tutar, T., Uçar, C., & Yıldız, S. (2025) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000001420
Aleid, A. M., Mohaini, M. A., & Aldanyowi, S. N. (2024) · Cuestiones de Fisioterapia · doi:10.48047/cu/54/01/98-107
“Cortisol and DHEAS were quantified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following established protocols [16 – 18].”
Verheyen, V. J., Rémy, S., Lambrechts, N., Govarts, E., Colles, A., Poelmans, L., Verachtert, E., Lefebvre, W., Monsieurs, P., Vanpoucke, C., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13939978
Bias in hair cortisol measures for psychological stress: Self vs. professional collection
Gatny, H., Axinn, W. G., Ghimire, D. J., West, B. T., Hermosilla, S., Pradhan, S. M., Dixit, S., & Chaudary, I. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.107775
Río-López, R., Vourlaki, I., Clavell-Sansalvador, A., Valdés, A., Padilla, L., Garcia-Gil, L. J., Xifró, X., Ballester, M., Quintanilla, R., Asensio, J. O., et al. (2026) · animal · doi:10.1016/j.animal.2026.101823
ÇEVİK, Ç., Kurt, B. O., Bilgiç, B., Or, M. E., & Ercan, M. (2026) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-026-05107-4
Laubi, B., Glauser, G., Willems, E. P., van Schaik, C. P., & Burkart, J. M. (2026) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-026-00568-9
“We first washed hair samples with 2 ml of isopropanol for 20 s (Davenport et al ., 2006), centrifuged them (up to 12,000 rpm), discarded the solvent, and then dried them in a SpeedVac (40 °C for ~ 30 min).”
Shimizu, K., Ochi, G., Oneyama, K., Okamoto, Y., Fujimoto, T., & Yamashiro, K. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7872377/v2
Kolářová, M. F., Kováčová, K., Součková, M., Svoboda, M., & Zeman, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1859281
Botia, M., Escribano, D., Tecles, F., Martínez-Subiela, S., & Cerón, J. M. C. (2026) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-026-11404-z
“Hair samples were processed following the foundational protocol described by Davenport et al. (2006), which has been previously validated and successfully applied in porcine models for washing (Bacci et al. 2014) and extraction (Trevisan et al. 2017) procedures.”
Davidson, O. J., Christensen, C., Bracken, A. M., O'Riain, M. J., King, A. J., & Fürtbauer, I. (2026) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-026-00575-w
“Some studies on nonhuman primates, however, report stable HCC along the hair shaft ( Pongo spp.: Carlitz et al., 2014; Macaca mulatta : Davenport et al., 2006), possibly because hair grows asynchronously across follicles and reaches a maximum (body region-specific) length before being shed, and…”
InfluentialShort communication: effects of dietary inulin and animal density on stress in pigs
Siegien, P., Gillis, M., Li, J., Dufourny, S., Comer, L., Vandenheede, M., Wavreille, J., Bindelle, J., & Schroyen, M. (2026) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skag226
Malinowska, B., Sęk, O., Słocińska, M., & Rychlik, L. (2026) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2026.112056
Nejad, J. G., Ghanbari, F., & Sun, S.-H. (2026) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13080814
“Only the proximal 3 cm of the hair shaft (corresponding to approximately 6–8 weeks of hair growth) was retained for analysis to ensure that biomarker concentrations reflected the study period and minimized confounding from older, distal segments [5,6].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Jerrold S.
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-261
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074364102
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (#RR11122, RR00 168, R24RR011122)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, rhesus monkeys, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, non-human primates, stress biomarkers, enzyme immunoassay validation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hair, Hydrocortisone, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Macaca mulatta, Male, Saliva, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
