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Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Abstract
Short-term changes in activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system are routinely assessed by measuring glucocorticoid or metabolite concentrations in plasma, saliva, urine, or feces. However, there are no current methods for determining long-term (i.e., weeks or months) activity of this system. Herein, we describe the development and validation of a simple procedure for measuring cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. This procedure involves two brief isopropanol washes of the hair strands to remove surface contaminants, subsequent powdering of the washed and dried hair, a 24-h methanol extraction followed by evaporation of the solvent and reconstitution of the extract in assay buffer, and finally analysis of the extracted cortisol by a sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay. Our results confirm the specificity of the procedure for cortisol, show that proximal and distal segments of hair do not differ in their cortisol concentration, and demonstrate that a significant and prolonged stressful experience produces a significant increase in hair cortisol. This new procedure should be valuable for assessing baseline HPA activity in nonhuman primates (and, with appropriate validation, in other species as well) over relatively long periods of time, and also for monitoring chronic stress that might be associated with various experimental manipulations.
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“providing prospective validation of the hair cortisol method as a field-friendly biological marker of stress exposure”
From Chronic Stress, Hair Cortisol and Depression: A Prospective and Longitudinal Study of Medical Internship (2018) · cites this paper as Davenport et al., 2006
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- Lutz, 2005, The effect of relocation on nighttime activity and salivary cortisol in singly-housed male Macaca mulatta with and without a record of self-injury, Am. J. Primatol., 66, 83
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Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., & Van Uum, S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009 · Cited by 1,063
“In rhesus macaques, in contrast, there was a significant correlation between the cortisol concentration in saliva and that in hair (r = 0.797, P 0.001) (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeasuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids
Sheriff, M. J., Dantzer, B., Delehanty, B., Palme, R., & Boonstra, R. (2011) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1943-y · Cited by 919
“Exact procedures vary, but all typically involve a long incubation time (16–24 h) at various temperatures (20–52 C), with or without agitation (Davenport et al. 2006; Sauvé et al. 2007; Accorsi et al. 2008; Sharpley et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnalysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835
“, 2009; Dettenborn et al., 2010; Gao et al., 2010; Steudte et al., 2011b; Skoluda et al., in press; Xie et al., in press; Stalder et al., under review) but not by others (e.g., Thomson et al., 2010; Manenschijn et al., 2011). Interestingly, Manenschijn et al. (2011) noted that those studies not observing a declining p…”
BackgroundKirschbaum, C., Tietze, A., Skoluda, N., & Dettenborn, L. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.024 · Cited by 584
“Moreover, Davenport et al. (2006) published the methodological details and validation of a simple procedure for measurements of endogenous cortisol concentrations in rhesus monkey hair with a special focus on the appropriate wash procedure.”
InfluentialMeasurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure
Koren, G., Grace Walsh, R. N., Tokmakejian, S., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2007) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v30i5.2894 · Cited by 578
Minireview: Hair cortisol: A novel biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity
Meyer, J. S., & Novak, M. A. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1226 · Cited by 457
“3) Amounts of hair obtained vary widely across studies, from 250 mg in an earlier rhesus monkey study (7) to as little as 5 or 10 mg in more recent human studies (10, 30).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMikulska, J., Juszczyk, G., Gawrońska-Grzywacz, M., & Herbet, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11101298 · Cited by 450
“Researchers also determined cortisol levels in the hair of rhesus monkeys as a biomarker of chronic stress [35,36].”
BackgroundD'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Ross, R. G., Natvig, C. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.041 · Cited by 346
“Hair was washed twice in isopropanol and dried for 4 days, as previously described [13, 16].”
BackgroundMethodUum, S. H. M. V., Sauvé, B., Fraser, L.-A., Morley-Forster, P., Paul, T. L., & Koren, G. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890801887388 · Cited by 332
“Further, hair cortisol levels do not differ between proximal and distal portions of the hair shaft (Davenport et al. 2006), unless there is an underlying change in cortisol exposure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications
Gow, R., Thomson, S., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S., & Koren, G. (2010) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.040 · Cited by 329
“The sample is vortexed and analyzed in duplicate using a commercially available salivary enzyme immunoassay kit from Alpco Diagnostics [10,12,15,21– 25,28,29] or other manufacturers, such as Salimetrics and Assay Designs [13,14,16].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe use of hair cortisol for the assessment of stress in animals
Heimbürge, S., Kanitz, E., & Otten, W. (2018) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.09.016 · Cited by 329
Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels
Manenschijn, L., Koper, J. W., Lamberts, S. W. J., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.04.005 · Cited by 322
Higher cortisol content in hair among long-term unemployed individuals compared to controls
Dettenborn, L., Tietze, A., Bruckner, F., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.006 · Cited by 280
“Then, Davenport et al. (2006) demonstrated for the first time in rhesus monkeys that the imposition of a major stressor (relocation) lead to increased hair cortisol levels 14 weeks post-move compared to pre-move levels and a recovery back to pre-move levels at 1 year.”
Dettenborn, L., Tietze, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.654479 · Cited by 277
“Keywords: Stress, hair cortisol, confounder, age, sex, colour”
BackgroundIntraindividual stability of hair cortisol concentrations
Stalder, T., Steudte, S., Miller, R., Skoluda, N., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.08.007 · Cited by 271
“The validity of hair cortisol as a retrospective index of longterm cortisol secretion has now been supported by research using a range of different paradigms, both in animals (Davenport et al., 2006; Accorsi et al., 2008) as well as in human participants (Sauve et al.”
MethodCohort Profile: The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (FinnBrain)
Karlsson, L., Tolvanen, M., Scheinin, N. M., Uusitupa, H., Korja, R., Ekholm, E. M. K., Tuulari, J. J., Pajulo, M., Huotilainen, M., Paunio, T., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx173 · Cited by 256
Hair cortisol analysis: An update on methodological considerations and clinical applications
Greff, M. J. E., Levine, J. M., Abuzgaia, A. M., Elzagallaai, A. A., Rieder, M. J., & van Uum, S. H. M. (2019) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.09.010 · Cited by 260
Short, S. J., Stalder, T., Marceau, K., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Shirtcliff, E. A., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buss, C. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.007 · Cited by 239
“, feces or saliva) were often assessed repeatedly over long time periods (Davenport et al., 2006; Accorsi et al., 2008; Bennet and Hayssen, 2010).”
InfluentialThe relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women
Kalra, S., Einarson, A., Karaskov, T., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2007) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v30i2.986 · Cited by 238
Macbeth, B. J., Cattet, M., Stenhouse, G. B., Gibeau, M. L., & Janz, D. M. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-057 · Cited by 251
“2002, 2008), captive nonhuman primates (Davenport et al. 2006; Clara et al. 2008), domestic dogs and cats (Accorsi et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHair analysis provides a historical record of cortisol levels in Cushing's syndrome
Thomson, S., Koren, G., Fraser, L.-A., Rieder, M., Friedman, T. C., & Van Uum, S. H. M. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1220771 · Cited by 218
Cortisol in hair measured in young adults - a biomarker of major life stressors?
Karlén, J., Ludvigsson, J., Frostell, A. S., Theodorsson, E., & Faresjö, T. (2011) · BMC Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1186/1472-6890-11-12 · Cited by 227
“Initial studies on rhesus monkeys showed that cortisol levels in their hair increased when exposed to the stress of relocation and that the cortisol levels also increased in serum and saliva, respectively [27,28].”
BackgroundMeasuring cortisol in hair and saliva from dogs: coat color and pigment differences
Bennett, A., & Hayssen, V. (2010) · Domestic Animal Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2010.04.003 · Cited by 222
“Cortisol extraction from hair Following Davenport et al. (2006) [22], hair samples ere washed, dried, and ground into a powder.”
Extraction and Analysis of Cortisol from Human and Monkey Hair
Meyer, J. S., Novak, M. A., Hamel, A. F., & Rosenberg, K. L. (2014) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/50882 · Cited by 212
Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs
Accorsi, P. A., Carloni, E., Valsecchi, P., Viggiani, R., Gamberoni, M., Tamanini, C., & Seren, E. (2007) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.002 · Cited by 211
Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Tobias Stalder, A., Dettenborn, L., Klumbies, E., Foley, P., Beesdo‐Baum, K., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.002 · Cited by 207
“In male rhesus macaques, strong positive correlations between hair cortisol and mean salivary cortisol levels have been reported (Davenport et al., 2006) and in domestic cats and dogs, hair cortisol levels correlated strongly with cortisol concentrations in faeces (Accorsi et al., 2008).”
The Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M. J., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2013) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31829daa0a · Cited by 195
“Isopropanol Wash Isopropranol is the standard wash solvent when preparing hair for cortisol analysis.(18) Isopropanol is thought to be the most effective solvent for removing glucocorticoid contaminants while maintaining the endogenous cortisol content found inside the medulla of the hair shaft.”
BackgroundWynne, B., McHugh, L., Gao, W., Keegan, D., Byrne, K., Rowan, C., Hartery, K., Kirschbaum, C., Doherty, G., Cullen, G., et al. (2019) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.030 · Cited by 188
“Following washing and sample extraction (35), cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as previously described (36).”
MethodVliegenthart, J., Noppe, G., van Rossum, E. F. C., Koper, J. W., Raat, H., & van den Akker, E. L. T. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.022 · Cited by 204
Dettenborn, L., Muhtz, C., Skoluda, N., Stalder, T., Steudte, S., Hinkelmann, K., Kirschbaum, C., & Otte, C. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2011.619239 · Cited by 181
“…indeed reflect adrenal production stems from the data indicating (a) high correlations between hair cortisol levels and salivary cortisol levels (Davenport et al. 2006; D’Anna-Hernandez et al. 2011), (b) high hair cortisol levels in known hypercortisolemic states (i.e. Cushing’s Syndrome,…”
Maternal separation produces lasting changes in cortisol and behavior in rhesus monkeys
Feng, X., Wang, L., Yang, S., Qin, D., Wang, J., Li, C., Lv, L., Ma, Y., & Hu, X. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1010943108 · Cited by 185
“The hair sampling technique has been available in rhesus macaques (36, 34, 37) and is a unique tool for assessing longterm changes in HPA system activity (36).”
InfluentialCortisol in hair, body mass index and stress-related measures
Stalder, T., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Miller, R. E., Gao, W., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.010 · Cited by 182
Increased cortisol concentrations in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kolassa, I., Stalder, T., Pfeiffer, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Elbert, T. R. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.012 · Cited by 193
Animal temperament and human disturbance: Implications for the response of wildlife to tourism
Martin, J. G. A., & Réale, D. J. F. (2007) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.06.004 · Cited by 180
Cook, N. J. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas2012-045 · Cited by 194
Hair Cortisol as a Potential Biologic Marker of Chronic Stress in Hospitalized Neonates
Yamada, J., Stevens, B., de Silva, N., Gibbins, S., Beyene, J., Taddio, A., Newman, C. E., & Koren, G. (2007) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000100085 · Cited by 176
“A recent study of endogenous hair cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques identified long-term activity of the HPA system as a result of chronic stress [”
BackgroundElevated hair cortisol concentrations in endurance athletes
Skoluda, N., Dettenborn, L., Tobias Stalder, A., & Kirschbaum, C. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.001 · Cited by 169
“Recently, hair segment analysis has been introduced as a method of cortisol assessment, providing a retrospective index of cumulative hormone secretion over a period of up to several months (Davenport et al., 2006; for review see Gow et al., 2010).”
MethodSteudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kirschbaum, C., Alexander, N., & Stalder, T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.015 · Cited by 177
“Specifically, positive associations between HCC and cumulative cortisol data from repeated assessments using traditional cortisol measures have been reported by animal (e.g., Accorsi et al., 2008; Davenport et al., 2006) and human research (e.”
BackgroundStress, the HPA axis, and nonhuman primate well-being: A review
Novak, M. A., Hamel, A. F., Kelly, B. J., Dettmer, A. M., & Meyer, J. S. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.012 · Cited by 173
“A detailed discussion of these issues can be found in our methods paper (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDavenport, M. D., Lutz, C. K., Tiefenbacher, S., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.10.025 · Cited by 165
How should the psychological well‐being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated?
Mason, G. J., & Veasey, J. S. (2009) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20256 · Cited by 161
“assayed in hairs from macaques, cats, and dogs [Davenport et al., 2006; Accorsi et al., 2008].”
BackgroundMethodToward Standardization of Hair Cortisol Measurement
Russell, E., Kirschbaum, C., Laudenslager, M. L., Tobias Stalder, A., de Rijke, Y. B., van Rossum, E. F. C., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2014) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000148 · Cited by 158
“This was first demonstrated in a study in rhesus macaques in which hair samples for cortisol were obtained both at baseline and after a major stressful event (relocation to a new habitat).(4) This was also confirmed in humans, as illustrated by a study comprising young children in whom hair was collected after startin…”
ResultHair cortisol and the risk for acute myocardial infarction in adult men
Pereg, D., Gow, R., Mosseri, M., Lishner, M., Rieder, M., Uum, S. V. V., & Koren, G. (2011) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2010.511352 · Cited by 161
“While the exact extent of time during which cortisol remains stable along the hair shaft is unknown, it is agreed that cortisol is stable in hair for at least up to 6 months (corresponding to the proximal 6 cm of a human hair sample; Davenport et al. 2006; Van Uum et al. 2008; Kirschbaum et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLuo, H., Hu, X., Liu, X., Ma, X., Guo, W., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.020 · Cited by 149
Measuring corticosterone in feathers: Strengths, limitations, and suggestions for the future
Romero, L. M., & Fairhurst, G. D. (2016) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Molecular & Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.05.002 · Cited by 147
Dettmer, A. M., Novak, M. A., Suomi, S. J., & Meyer, J. S. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.06.003 · Cited by 148
“…to measuring cortisol “point samples” in plasma or saliva, hair cortisol has recently gained attention as an index of chronic HPA activity (Davenport et al., 2006; Sauvé et al., 2007; Kirschbaum et al., 2009) and as a possible biomarker for stressrelated health disorders in both human…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStandardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle
Moya, D., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., & Veira, D. M. (2013) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.007 · Cited by 139
“, 2011), or in Rhesus monkeys (110.3710.2 pg/mg; Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialShort communication: Factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows
Burnett, T. A., Madureira, A. M. L., Silper, B. F., Nadalin, A., Tahmasbi, A. M., Veira, D. M., & Cerri, R. L. A. (2014) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8444 · Cited by 154
Non-invasive monitoring of physiological markers in primates
Behringer, V., & Deschner, T. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.001 · Cited by 145
“Recently, cortisol measurements in hair of non-human primates have been increasingly used to assess chronically elevated cortisol levels during long-term stressful periods and high population densities (Carlitz et al., 2014; Davenport et al., 2006; Dettmer et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMayer, S. E., Lopez-Duran, N. L., Sen, S., & Abelson, J. L. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.020 · Cited by 137
Fairbanks, L. A., Jorgensen, M. J., Bailey, J. N., Breidenthal, S. E., Grzywa, R. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.013 · Cited by 139
“Hair cortisol analysis followed the method of Davenport et al. (2006).”
InfluentialSocioeconomic status, hair cortisol and internalizing symptoms in parents and children
Ursache, A., Merz, E. C., Melvin, S. A., Meyer, J. S., & Noble, K. G. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.020 · Cited by 133
The relationship between cortisol, stress and psychiatric illness: New insights using hair analysis
Herane Vives, A., De Angel, V., Papadopoulos, A., Strawbridge, R., Wise, T., Young, A. H., Arnone, D., & Cleare, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.007 · Cited by 129
Ashley, N. T., Barboza, P. S., Macbeth, B. J., Janz, D. M., Cattet, M., Booth, R. K., & Wasser, S. K. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.029 · Cited by 139
“free-ranging vertebrates and can be detected in blood, urine, feces, saliva, and hair [28,47,52,55,61,76].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProlonged secretion of cortisol as a possible mechanism underlying stress and depressive behaviour
Qin, D., Rizak, J. D., Feng, X., Yang, S., Lü, L., Pan, L., Yin, Y., & Hu, X. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30187 · Cited by 133
Effects of shampoo and water washing on hair cortisol concentrations
Hamel, A. F., Meyer, J. S., Henchey, E., Dettmer, A. M., Suomi, S. J., & Novak, M. A. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.10.019 · Cited by 124
“laboratory conducted using rhesus monkey hair [3].”
MethodRelationship between Hair Cortisol and Perceived Chronic Stress in a Diverse Sample
O'brien, K., Tronick, E. Z., & Moore, C. L. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2475 · Cited by 127
“Hair cortisol Samples were obtained by cutting approximately 100 strands (3 cm) from the posterior vertex of the head using surgical scissors (Davenport et al., 2006).”
MethodHunt, K. E., Stimmelmayr, R., George, C., Hanns, C., SUYDAM, R. S., Brower, H., & Rolland, R. M. (2014) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/cou030 · Cited by 118
“Steroid extraction from baleen Extraction of steroids from baleen powder followed a consen sus protocol derived from the hair and feather glucocorticoid literature (e.g. Davenport et al., 2006; Bortolotti et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssessing individual systemic stress through cortisol analysis of archaeological hair
Webb, E. C., Thomson, S., Nelson, A. J., White, C. D., Koren, G., Rieder, M. J., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.010 · Cited by 114
Hair cortisol: a parameter of chronic stress? Insights from a radiometabolism study in guinea pigs
Keckeis, K., Lepschy, M., Schöpper, H., Moser, L. B., Troxler, J., & Palme, R. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0674-7 · Cited by 119
“The majority of the work measuring cortisol in hair has used methanol for the extraction procedure (Accorsi et al. 2008; Ashley et al. 2011; Bechshøft et al. 2011; Comin et al. 2011; Davenport et al. 2006; Kalra et al. 2007; Kirschbaum et al. 2009; Koren et al. 2002; Macbeth et al. 2010; Sauvé et al. 2007).”
InfluentialPopulation density-dependent hair cortisol concentrations in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Dettmer, A. M., Novak, M. A., Meyer, J. S., & Suomi, S. J. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.002 · Cited by 123
“…cortisol in plasma (Hadjian et al., 1975; Gunnar and Donzella, 1992); if the same is true in nonhuman primates, it could explain the high HCC levels we observed in infancy, as HCC levels are also thought to reflect the ‘‘free’’ fraction of cortisol in the bloodstream (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChildren’s hair cortisol as a biomarker of stress at school entry
Groeneveld, M. G., Vermeer, H. J., Linting, M., Noppe, G., van Rossum, E. F. C., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.817553 · Cited by 111
“Increases in HCC after relocation from their housing environment were found in rhesus macaques (Davenport et al., 2006) and in vervets (Fairbanks et al.”
BackgroundGonzález-de-la-Vara, M. D. R., Valdez, R. A., Lemus-Ramírez, V., Vázquez-Chagoyán, J. C., Godoy, A. V., & Romano, M. C. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 110
The role of glucocorticoids in the vertebrate response to weather
de Bruijn, R., & Romero, L. M. (2018) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.07.007 · Cited by 109
Carbajal, A., Reyes‐López, F. E., Talló-Parra, O., López‐Béjar, M., & Tort, L. (2019) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.04.005 · Cited by 108
Nejad, J. G., Lohakare, J., Son, J.-K., Kwon, E.-G., West, J. W., & Sung, K. (2013) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731113001870 · Cited by 106
Braig, S., Grabher, F., Ntomchukwu, C., Reister, F., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Genuneit, J., & Rothenbacher, D. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.006 · Cited by 105
Cortisol levels in hair of East Greenland polar bears
Bechshøft, T., Sonne, C., Dietz, R., Born, E. W., Novak, M. A., Henchey, E., & Meyer, J. S. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.047 · Cited by 105
HPLC-FLU detection of cortisol distribution in human hair
Gao, W., Xie, Q., Jin, J., Qiao, T., Wang, H., Chen, L., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.01.014 · Cited by 101
Burnett, T. A., Madureira, A. M. L., Silper, B. F., Tahmasbi, A. M., Nadalin, A., Veira, D. M., & Cerri, R. L. A. (2015) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2014-8871 · Cited by 101
“Hair cortisol concentrations were determined using a commercially available assay kit designed for salivary cortisol (Salimetrics Expanded Range, High Sensitivity 1-E3002, State College, PA), as previously performed by Davenport et al. (2006) and Bennett and Hayssen (2010).”
MethodGáll, Z., Farkas, S., Albert, Á., Ferencz, E., Vancea, S., Urkon, M., & Kolcsár, M. (2020) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom10050801 · Cited by 99
Social status and cortisol levels in singing rock hyraxes
Koren, L., Mokady, O., & Geffen, E. (2008) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.020 · Cited by 98
“Hair-testing has the advantage of being insensitive to the momentary stress of capture (Yang et al., 1998), while accurately assessing significant and prolonged stressful experiences (Davenport et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBryan, H. M., Smits, J. E. G., Koren, L., Paquet, P. C., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Musiani, M. (2014) · Functional Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12354 · Cited by 97
“Accordingly, levels of hormones in hair have been correlated with measures in saliva and faeces, which are known to reflect circulating levels, in canids and other species (Davenport et al. 2006; Accorsi et al. 2008; Bennett & Hayssen 2010).”
BackgroundStress-linked cortisol concentrations in hair: what we know and what we need to know
Sharpley, C. F., McFarlane, J. R., & Slominski, A. (2012) · revneuro · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.058 · Cited by 92
Heintz, M. R., Santymire, R. M., Parr, L. A., & Lonsdorf, E. V. (2011) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20960 · Cited by 92
“In addition, the response time of cortisol in chimpanzees for saliva (45 min) is much shorter than urine [4.8 hr; Bahr et al., 2000], feces [20–48 hr; Bahr et al., 2000; Heistermann et al., 2006; Whitten et al., 1998], and hair [from weeks to months; Davenport et al., 2006].”
BackgroundInfluentialCarlitz, E. H. D., Kirschbaum, C., Tobias Stalder, A., & van Schaik, C. P. (2013) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.11.002 · Cited by 92
“Supporting this, no studies have shown cortisol washout effect in animal hair, either in captive (Davenport et al., 2006) or free-ranging animals (Fourie and Bernstein, 2011; Bechshøft et al.”
BackgroundKalliokoski, O., Jellestad, F. K., & Murison, R. C. C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48517-2 · Cited by 97
“…(n = 29) Shalinski, 2014 (n = 28; 21) Steudte, 2011 (n = 27) Xie, 2011 (n = 23) Moya, 2013 (n = 21; 21; 21; 21; 21) D'Anna-Hernandez, 2011 (n = 21) Davenport, 2006 (n = 16) Bryan, 2013 (n = 7) Correlation coefficient 0.23 [0.12-0.34] -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Random effects model (Z = 1.65, p = 0.10, I2 =…”
BackgroundInfluentialEpidemiological approaches to measure childhood stress
Vanaelst, B., Vriendt, T. D., Huybrechts, I., Rinaldi, S., & Henauw, S. D. (2012) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01258.x · Cited by 105
Macbeth, B. J., Cattet, M., Obbard, M. E., Middel, K. R., & Janz, D. M. (2012) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.219 · Cited by 91
Hair cortisol levels in dairy cows from winter housing to summer highland grazing
Comin, A., Prandi, A., Peric, T., Corazzin, M., Dovier, S., & Bovolenta, S. (2011) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.009 · Cited by 90
“Indeed, several authors (Davenport et al., 2006; Kalra et al., 2007; Kirschbaum et al., 2009; Yamada et al., 2007) have reported a positive correlation between stress and hair cortisol.”
BackgroundComin, A., Peric, T., Corazzin, M., Veronesi, M. C., Meloni, T., Zufferli, V., Cornacchia, G., & Prandi, A. (2012) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.021 · Cited by 91
“Hair strands were washed in 5 ml isopropanol as proposed by Davenport et al. (2006) to minimise the risk of extracting cortisol from outside the hair and also to ensure the removal of any steroids on the surface of the hair due to sweat and sebum.”
MethodTarullo, A. R., John, A. M. S., & Meyer, J. S. (2017) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.03.007 · Cited by 91
Heistermann, M. (2010) · Advances in science and research · doi:10.5194/asr-5-1-2010 · Cited by 89
Stress and the Multiple-Role Woman: Taking a Closer Look at the “Superwoman”
Sumra, M. K., & Schillaci, M. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120952 · Cited by 92
“Although small bouts of stress have been shown to be protective and advantageous to health [4], chronic or prolonged stress elicits adverse physiological responses such as increased blood pressure, compromised immune system, inflammation, and diabetes [5], all significant risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD).”
BackgroundXie, Q., Gao, W., Li, J., Qiao, T., Jin, J., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2011.706 · Cited by 85
Merz, E. C., Desai, P. M., Maskus, E. A., Melvin, S. A., Rehman, R., Torres, S. D., Meyer, J. S., He, X., & Noble, K. G. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.05.024 · Cited by 94
“Samples were processed and analyzed using methods previously validated and described in detail (see the Supplement) (54,55).”
MethodHolland, B. J. V., Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W., & Sluiter, J. K. (2011) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-011-0727-3 · Cited by 84
“…of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: j.sluiter@amc.uva.nl Davenport et al. (2006) did Wnd a signiWcant correlation between hair and salivary cortisol reactivity in rhesus macaque monkeys, but they point…”
BackgroundSimmons, J. G., Badcock, P. B., Whittle, S., Byrne, M. L., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.004 · Cited by 88
Talló-Parra, O., Manteca, X., Sabés‐Alsina, M., Carbajal, A., & López‐Béjar, M. (2015) · animal · doi:10.1017/s1751731115000294 · Cited by 92
“Tallo-Parra, Manteca, Sabes-Alsina, Carbajal and Lopez-Bejar For the hair cortisol extraction, a modified protocol from that described by Davenport et al. (2006) and developed by our lab for other species was followed (Tallo-Parra et al., 2013).”
Fourie, N. H., & Bernstein, R. M. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.013 · Cited by 82
“Samples were twice washed in 3 ml isopropanol (C3H8O) for 3 min (after [12]) and let dry in a fume hood for 24 h.”
BackgroundMethodStothart, M. R., Palme, R., & Newman, A. E. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2111 · Cited by 81
“[36] and assayed cortisol using a sensitive (0.”
Thompson, J. R., Valleau, J. C., Barling, A. N., Franco, J. G., DeCapo, M., Bagley, J. L., & Sullivan, E. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00164 · Cited by 82
“Hair cortisol reflects the mean cortisol over the past several weeks to months (37).”
BackgroundMethodBrearley, G., McAlpine, C., Bell, S., & Bradley, A. J. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9790-8 · Cited by 80
“Following washing and drying, steroids were extracted following Koren et al. (2002), Davenport et al. (2006) and Martin and Reale (2006).”
InfluentialMeasuring cortisol and DHEA in fingernails: A pilot study
Seo (2009) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s8307 · Cited by 80
“17 However, it has also been reported in human subjects that hair cortisol is not statistically correlated to salivary cortisol but does correlate with urine cortisol.”
Methodological Considerations for Hair Cortisol Measurements in Children
Slominski, R. M., Rovnaghi, C. R., & Anand, K. J. S. (2015) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000209 · Cited by 80
“Hair cortisol levels were originally measured in the hair of athletes thought to be abusing anabolic steroids and were later studied among humans and primates as a measure for chronic stress.(6,7) Multiple studies showed positive correlation between subjective stress and hair cortisol levels,(3,8) further corroborated…”
BackgroundFagot, J., Gullstrand, J., Kemp, C., Defilles, C., & Mekaouche, M. (2013) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22193 · Cited by 77
Burnard, C. L., Ralph, C. R., Hynd, P., Edwards, J. H., & Tilbrook, A. J. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15622 · Cited by 78
Finkler, H., & Terkel, J. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.014 · Cited by 75
“Studies have shown that cortisol concentrations in hair correlate with salivary [53] or faecal cortisol concentrations [54].”
Time course of cortisol loss in hair segments under immersion in hot water
Li, J., Xie, Q., Gao, W., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2011) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2011.10.024 · Cited by 75
Bechshøft, T., Rigét, F. F., Sonne, C., Letcher, R. J., Muir, D. C. G., Novak, M. A., Henchey, E., Meyer, J. S., Eulaers, I., Jaspers, V. L. B., et al. (2012) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.005 · Cited by 75
“…feather and hair samples, have the advantage that they express chronic stress rather than short-term hormonal fluctuations caused by for example circadian rhythms or the stress of hunting (Koren et al. 2002; Davenport et al. 2006; Bortolotti et al. 2008; Saco et al. 2008; Okuliarová et al. 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Meyer, Jerrold S.
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 255-261
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2074364102
- Cited by
- 659
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (#RR11122, RR00 168, R24RR011122)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- hair cortisol, rhesus monkeys, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, chronic stress, non-human primates, stress biomarkers, enzyme immunoassay validation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hair, Hydrocortisone, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Macaca mulatta, Male, Saliva, Sensitivity and Specificity, Skin, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors
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