Detection of physiological concentrations of cortisol and cortisone in human hair
Abstract
Objective Since the 1960s, glucocorticoids are used by athletes to improve their performances. Their use is restricted in sports. Hair can document chronic abuse and can be therefore a complementary matrix for doping control. We have developed a new extraction, purification, and separation technique using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of two endogenous glucocorticoids: cortisol and cortisone.Methods Qualitative and quantitative investigations were achieved with 44 hair samples (17 males, 27 females; age ranging from 2 to 90 years). Hair strands were washed in methylene chloride, the first two centimeters of the strand were cut and pulverized in a ball mill. The powdered hair was incubated in 2 mL Soerensen buffer, pH 7.6, for 16 h at 40 degrees C, in the presence of cortisol-d3 as an internal standard. Purification of the incubation medium was achieved on SPE C18 Isolute extraction columns followed by an alkaline liquid-liquid extraction with diethylether. The eluate was evaporated to dryness and resuspended in 25 microL of acetonitrile/ammonium formiate (1:1,v/v). The chromatography was operated on a LC Packings Superba Nucleosil C18 column using a linear gradient of acetonitrile from 30% to 70% in 10 min. The detector was a Perkin Elmer Sciex API 100 mass spectrometer. The detector's response was linear for cortisol and cortisone concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 pg/mg. Extraction recovery at 50 pg/mg was 74% for cortisol and 32% for cortisone. Repeatability (CV values n = 8) at 7 pg/mg cortisol and at 50 pg/mg cortisone were 11% in both cases. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 1 and 5 pg/mg, for both compounds, respectively.Results Cortisol concentrations in hair ranged from 5 to 91 pg/mg (mean 18 pg/mg). Cortisone concentrations in hair ranged from 12 to 163 pg/mg (mean 70 pg/mg). No influence of hair colour could be found. Influence of sex on cortisone concentrations seems possible but could not be statistically demonstrated. Finally, cortisone concentrations in hair are significantly higher before the age of 20. Incorporation of cortisol and cortisone in hair could follow a passive diffusion through sweat after conversion of part of cortisol to cortisone by Type 2 11-beta-Hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase in sweat glands. This issue was documented by these analyses.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cortisol concentration in the blood is generally 1.24 × 10−4 to 4.0 × 10−4 mM.
“In comparison, the cortisol concentration in the blood is generally 1.24 × 10 -4 to 4.0 × 10 -4 mM 88 .”
From A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors (2022) · cites this paper as [88]
Cites
Seckl, J. R., & Walker, B. R. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.4.8114 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results
Wennig, R. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00146-2 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Franke, W. W., & Berendonk, B. (1997) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/43.7.1262 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Cirimele, V., Kintz, P., Dumestre-Toulet, V., Goullé, J., & Ludes, B. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00180-2 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationSeckl, J. R. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.142.4.1371 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Localization of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II in human epithelial tissues.
Smith, R. E., Maguire, J. A., Stein-Oakley, A. N., Sasano, H., Takahashi, K., Fukushima, K., & Krozowski, Z. S. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.9.8784076 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The type I and type II 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes
Krozowski, Z. S., Li, K. X. Z., Koyama, K., Smith, R. E., Obeyesekere, V. R., Stein, A., Sasano, H., Coulter, C., Cole, T. J., & Sheppard, K. E. (1999) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-0760(99)00074-6 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Codeine Concentration in Hair after Oral Administration Is Dependent on Melanin Content
Kronstrand, R., Förstberg-Peterson, S., Kågedal, B., Ahlner, J., & Larson, G. (1999) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/45.9.1485 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Compared interest between hair analysis and urinalysis in doping controls
Gaillard, Y., Vayssette, F., & Pépin, G. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00179-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bévalot, F., Gaillard, Y., Lhermitte, M., & Pépin, G. (2000) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00085-2 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Hirasawa, G., Sasano, H., Takahashi, K.-I., Fukushima, K., Suzuki, T., Hiwatashi, N., Toyota, T., Krozowski, Z. S., & Nagura, H. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.11.4337 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Shibasaki, H., Furuta, T., & Kasuya, Y. (1997) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00489-6 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Delahaut, P., Jacquemin, P., Colemonts, Y., Dubois, M., GRAEVE, J. D., & Deluyker, H. (1997) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00222-3 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases: functions and physiological effects
Krozowski, Z. S. (1999) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00256-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Borges, C. R., Wilkins, D. G., & Rollins, D. E. (2001) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/25.4.221 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pharmacological criteria that can affect the detection of doping agents in hair
Kintz, P., Cirimele, V., & Ludes, B. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00176-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationJusko, W. J., Pyszczynski, N. A., Bushway, M. S., DʼAmbrosio, R., & Mis, S. M. (1994) · Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications · doi:10.1016/0378-4347(94)00218-5 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Is there a place for hair analysis in doping controls?
Rivier, L. (2000) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00175-9 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hirasawa, G. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.82.11.3859 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
[Chromatographic measurement of urinary steroids in patients with psoriasis].
Vp, L., & Sa, M. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Identification de la prednisone et de la méthylprednisolone dans les cheveux par HPLC-ES-MS
Cirimele, V., Kintz, P., Goullé, J., & Ludes, B. (2001) · Annales de Toxicologie Analytique · doi:10.1051/ata/2002024 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M., & Van Uum, S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.09.009 · Cited by 1,063 · see citing works
Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes
O'Connor, D. B., Thayer, J. F., & Vedhara, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-062520-122331 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Measuring stress in wildlife: techniques for quantifying glucocorticoids
Sheriff, M. J., Dantzer, B., Delehanty, B., Palme, R., & Boonstra, R. (2011) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-011-1943-y · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Stress-related and basic determinants of hair cortisol in humans: a meta-analysis
Stalder, T., Steudte-Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Klucken, T., Vater, A., Wichmann, S., Kirschbaum, C., & Miller, R. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.12.017 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Analysis of cortisol in hair – State of the art and future directions
Stalder, T., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.002 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Hair cortisol, stress exposure, and mental health in humans: A systematic review
Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Spijker, A. T., Elzinga, B. M., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.015 · Cited by 736 · see citing works
Sonner, Z., Wilder, E., Heikenfeld, J., Kasting, G., Beyette, F., Swaile, D., Sherman, F., Joyce, J., Hagen, J., Kelley-Loughnane, N., et al. (2015) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.4921039 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques
Davenport, M. D., Tiefenbacher, S., Lutz, C. K., Novak, M. A., & Meyer, J. S. (2006) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.005 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Kirschbaum, C., Tietze, A., Skoluda, N., & Dettenborn, L. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.024 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Measurement of cortisol in human Hair as a biomarker of systemic exposure
Koren, G., Grace Walsh, R. N., Tokmakejian, S., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2007) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v30i5.2894 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Minireview: Hair cortisol: A novel biomarker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity
Meyer, J. S., & Novak, M. A. (2012) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-1226 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Quantitative analysis of steroid hormones in human hair using a column-switching LC–APCI–MS/MS assay
Gao, W., Tobias Stalder, A., Foley, P., Rauh, M., Deng, H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.008 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition
Baker, L. B., & Wolfe, A. S. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04323-7 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
D'Anna‐Hernandez, K., Ross, R. G., Natvig, C. L., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.041 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Uum, S. H. M. V., Sauvé, B., Fraser, L.-A., Morley-Forster, P., Paul, T. L., & Koren, G. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890801887388 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
An assessment of cortisol analysis in hair and its clinical applications
Gow, R., Thomson, S., Rieder, M., Van Uum, S., & Koren, G. (2010) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.040 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Evaluation of a method to measure long term cortisol levels
Manenschijn, L., Koper, J. W., Lamberts, S. W. J., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2011) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.04.005 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Recent advances in cortisol sensing technologies for point-of-care application
Kaushik, A., Vasudev, A., Arya, S. K., Pasha, S. K., & Bhansali, S. (2014) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.060 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Higher cortisol content in hair among long-term unemployed individuals compared to controls
Dettenborn, L., Tietze, A., Bruckner, F., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.006 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Dettenborn, L., Tietze, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Stalder, T. (2012) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2012.654479 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Intraindividual stability of hair cortisol concentrations
Stalder, T., Steudte, S., Miller, R., Skoluda, N., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.08.007 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Ponnampalam, E. N., Hopkins, D. L., Bruce, H. L., Li, D., Baldi, G., & Bekhit, A. E. A. (2017) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12258 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Hair cortisol analysis: An update on methodological considerations and clinical applications
Greff, M. J. E., Levine, J. M., Abuzgaia, A. M., Elzagallaai, A. A., Rieder, M. J., & van Uum, S. H. M. (2019) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.09.010 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Taren, A. A., Gianaros, P. J., Greco, C. M., Lindsay, E. K., Fairgrieve, A., Brown, K. W., Rosen, R. K., Ferris, J. L., Julson, E., Marsland, A. L., et al. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv066 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Short, S. J., Stalder, T., Marceau, K., Entringer, S., Moog, N. K., Shirtcliff, E. A., Wadhwa, P. D., & Buss, C. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.007 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The relationship between stress and hair cortisol in healthy pregnant women
Kalra, S., Einarson, A., Karaskov, T., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2007) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v30i2.986 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Cortisol in Hair and the Metabolic Syndrome
Tobias Stalder, A., Kirschbaum, C., Alexander, N., Bornstein, S. R., Gao, W., Miller, R. E., Stark, S., Bosch, J. A., & Fischer, J. E. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1056 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Macbeth, B. J., Cattet, M., Stenhouse, G. B., Gibeau, M. L., & Janz, D. M. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-057 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Cortisol in hair measured in young adults - a biomarker of major life stressors?
Karlén, J., Ludvigsson, J., Frostell, A. S., Theodorsson, E., & Faresjö, T. (2011) · BMC Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1186/1472-6890-11-12 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease and Hair Cortisol: a Novel Biomarker of Chronic Stress
Iob, E., & Steptoe, A. (2019) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-019-1208-7 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Manenschijn, L., Schaap, L. S., van Schoor, N. M., van der Pas, S., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Lips, P. T. A. M., Koper, J. W., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3663 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Decreased hair cortisol concentrations in generalised anxiety disorder
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Tobias Stalder, A., Dettenborn, L., Klumbies, E., Foley, P., Beesdo‐Baum, K., & Kirschbaum, C. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.09.002 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Wosu, A. C., Valdimarsdóttir, U., Shields, A. E., Williams, D. R., & Williams, M. A. (2013) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.09.006 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
The Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat
Russell, E., Koren, G., Rieder, M. J., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2013) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e31829daa0a · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Cook, N. J. (2012) · Canadian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.4141/cjas2012-045 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Sanghavi, B. J., Moore, J. A., Chávez, J. L., Hagen, J. A., Kelley‐Loughnane, N., Chou, C., & Swami, N. S. (2015) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.044 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Cortisol in hair, body mass index and stress-related measures
Tobias Stalder, A., Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Alexander, N., Miller, R. E., Gao, W., Dettenborn, L., & Kirschbaum, C. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.010 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Animal temperament and human disturbance: Implications for the response of wildlife to tourism
Martin, J. G. A., & Réale, D. J. F. (2007) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2007.06.004 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Hair Cortisol as a Potential Biologic Marker of Chronic Stress in Hospitalized Neonates
Yamada, J., Stevens, B., de Silva, N., Gibbins, S., Beyene, J., Taddio, A., Newman, C. E., & Koren, G. (2007) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000100085 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Rippe, R. C. A., Noppe, G., Windhorst, D. A., Tiemeier, H. W., van Rossum, E. F. C., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & van den Akker, E. L. T. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.12.016 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Assessing cortisol from hair samples in a large observational cohort: the Whitehall II study
Abell, J. G., Stalder, T., Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Kirschbaum, C., Kivimäki, M., & Kumari, M. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.07.214 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Determinants of hair cortisol and hair cortisone concentrations in adults.
Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B., de Rijke, Y. D., van den Akker, E. V. D., & van Rossum, E. V. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.011 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Stress, the HPA axis, and nonhuman primate well-being: A review
Novak, M. A., Hamel, A. F., Kelly, B. J., Dettmer, A. M., & Meyer, J. S. (2012) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.012 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Toward Standardization of Hair Cortisol Measurement
Russell, E., Kirschbaum, C., Laudenslager, M. L., Tobias Stalder, A., de Rijke, Y. B., van Rossum, E. F. C., Uum, S. H. M. V., & Koren, G. (2014) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000148 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Physiological biomarkers of chronic stress: A systematic review.
Noushad, S., Ahmed, S., Ansari, B., Mustafa, U.-H., Saleem, Y., & Hazrat, H. (2021) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 153 · see citing works
LC–MS based analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in human hair
Gao, W., Kirschbaum, C., Graß, J., & Tobias Stalder, A. (2015) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.022 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Luo, H., Hu, X., Liu, X., Ma, X., Guo, W., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.020 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Wearable Cortisol Aptasensor for Simple and Rapid Real-Time Monitoring
An, J. E., Kim, K. H., Park, S. J., Seo, S. E., Kim, J., Ha, S., Bae, J., & Kwon, O. S. (2022) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.1c01734 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Predictors of hair cortisol concentrations in older adults
Feller, S., Vigl, M., Bergmann, M. M., Boeing, H., Kirschbaum, C., & Tobias Stalder, A. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.10.007 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Review—Towards Wearable Sensor Platforms for the Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol
Sekar, M. K., Sriramprabha, R., Sekhar, P. K., Bhansali, S., Ponpandian, N., Manickam, P., & Viswanathan, C. (2020) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ab7e24 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Assessing individual systemic stress through cortisol analysis of archaeological hair
Webb, E. C., Thomson, S., Nelson, A. J., White, C. D., Koren, G., Rieder, M. J., & Uum, S. H. M. V. (2009) · Journal of Archaeological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.11.010 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hair cortisol: a parameter of chronic stress? Insights from a radiometabolism study in guinea pigs
Keckeis, K., Lepschy, M., Schöpper, H., Moser, L. B., Troxler, J., & Palme, R. (2012) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-012-0674-7 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers
Vaghri, Z., Guhn, M., Weinberg, J., GRUNAU, R. E., Yu, W. K., & Hertzman, C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
González-de-la-Vara, M. D. R., Valdez, R. A., Lemus-Ramírez, V., Vázquez-Chagoyán, J. C., Godoy, A. V., & Romano, M. C. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Review: Drug concentrations in hair and their relevance in drug facilitated crimes
Xiang, P., Shen, M., & Drummer, O. H. (2015) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.009 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
HPLC-FLU detection of cortisol distribution in human hair
Gao, W., Xie, Q., Jin, J., Qiao, T., Wang, H., Chen, L., Deng, H., & Lu, Z. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.01.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Stress-linked cortisol concentrations in hair: what we know and what we need to know
Sharpley, C. F., McFarlane, J. R., & Slominski, A. (2012) · revneuro · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.058 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Comin, A., Peric, T., Corazzin, M., Veronesi, M. C., Meloni, T., Zufferli, V., Cornacchia, G., & Prandi, A. (2012) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.021 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Clinical classification in mental health at the cross-roads: which direction next?
Hickie, I. B., Scott, J. L., Hermens, D. F., Scott, E. M., Naismith, S. L., Guastella, A. J., Glozier, N., & McGorry, P. D. (2013) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-125 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Measuring Stress in Young Children Using Hair Cortisol: The State of the Science
Bates, R., Salsberry, P., & Ford, J. (2017) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800417711583 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Xiang, P., Sun, Q., Shen, B., Chen, P., Liu, W., & Shen, M. (2010) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.046 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kuehl, L. K., Hinkelmann, K., Muhtz, C., Dettenborn, L., Wingenfeld, K., Spitzer, C., Kirschbaum, C., Wiedemann, K., & Otte, C. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.012 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Simmons, J. G., Badcock, P. B., Whittle, S., Byrne, M. L., Mundy, L. K., Patton, G. C., Olsson, C. A., & Allen, N. B. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Fourie, N. H., & Bernstein, R. M. (2011) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.08.013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Rothe, N., Steffen, J., Penz, M. S., Kirschbaum, C., & Walther, A. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.024 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Measuring cortisol and DHEA in fingernails: A pilot study
Seo (2009) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s8307 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Methodological Considerations for Hair Cortisol Measurements in Children
Slominski, R. M., Rovnaghi, C. R., & Anand, K. J. S. (2015) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/ftd.0000000000000209 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Clara, E., Tommasi, L., & Rogers, L. J. (2007) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-007-0125-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
A review of sampling, energy supply and intelligent monitoring for long-term sweat sensors
Yang, P., Wei, G., Liu, A., Huo, F., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · npj Flexible Electronics · doi:10.1038/s41528-022-00165-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Long-term cortisol in bipolar disorder: Associations with age of onset and psychiatric co-morbidity
Manenschijn, L., Spijker, A. T., Koper, J. W., Jetten, A. M., Giltay, E. J., Haffmans, J., Hoencamp, E., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.010 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Burnard, C. L., Ralph, C. R., Hynd, P., Edwards, J. H., & Tilbrook, A. J. (2016) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15622 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Faresjö, Å., Theodorsson, E., Chatziarzenis, M., Sapouna, V., Claesson, H.-P., Koppner, J., & Faresjö, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073828 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Relationship of PTSD Symptoms With Combat Exposure, Stress, and Inflammation in American Soldiers
Groer, M. E., Kane, B., Williams, S. N., & Duffy, A. (2014) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800414544949 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Hydrogel-enabled osmotic pumping for microfluidics: towards wearable human-device interfaces
Shay, T., Dickey, M. D., & Velev, O. D. (2017) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c6lc01486k · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Chemical processing and shampooing impact cortisol measured in human hair
Hoffman, M. C., Karban, L. V., Benitez, P., Goodteacher, A., & Laudenslager, M. L. (2014) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v37i4.21731 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Laudenslager, M. L., Jorgensen, M. J., Grzywa, R. L., & Fairbanks, L. A. (2011) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.03.003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Sharpley, C., Kauter, K., & McFarlane, Jr. (2009) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.931544 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Stubsjøen, S. M., Bohlin, J., Dahl, E., Knappe-Poindecker, M., Fjeldaas, T., Lepschy, M., Palme, R., Langbein, J., & Ropstad, E. (2015) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.09.015 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Hair Cortisol Measurement by an Automated Method
González, D., Jacobsen, D., Ibar, C., Paván, C. H., Monti, J., Machulsky, N. F., Balbi, A., Fritzler, A., Jamardo, J., Repetto, E. M., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44693-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Olstad, D. L., Ball, K., Wright, C. R., Abbott, G., Brown, E. L., & Turner, A. I. (2016) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2016.1160282 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Hariri, A. A., Cartwright, A. P., Dory, C., Gidi, Y., Yee, S. C., Thompson, I. A. P., Fu, K. X., Yang, K. Y., Wu, D., Maganzini, N., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202304410 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Prenatal maternal psychopathology and stress and offspring HPA axis function at 6 years
Molenaar, N. M., Tiemeier, H. W., van Rossum, E. F. C., Hillegers, M. H. J., Bockting, C., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., van den Akker, E. L., den Berg, M. P. L., & Marroun, H. E. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.003 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Hair as a meaningful measure of baseline cortisol levels over time in dogs.
Bryan, H. M., Adams, A. G., Invik, R. M., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Smits, J. E. G. (2013) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chen, Z., Li, J., Zhang, J., Xing, X., Gao, W., Lu, Z., & Deng, H. (2013) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.026 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hair cortisol concentrations correlate negatively with survival in a wild primate population
Rakotoniaina, J. H., Kappeler, P. M., Kaesler, E., Hämäläinen, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Kraus, C. (2017) · BMC Ecology · doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0140-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cortisone in hair of elementary school girls and its relationship with childhood stress
Vanaelst, B., Michels, N., Vriendt, T. D., Huybrechts, I., Vyncke, K. E., Sioen, I., Bammann, K., Rivet, N., Raul, J., Molnár, D., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-013-1955-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationBinz, T. M., Braun, U., Baumgartner, M. R., & Kræmer, T. (2016) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.041 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Laberge, F., Yin‐Liao, I., & Bernier, N. J. (2019) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coz052 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Scorrano, F., Carrasco, J., Pastor‐Ciurana, J., Belda, X., Bastante, A. R., Bacci, M. L., & Armario, A. (2014) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14-254474 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Mustonen, P., Karlsson, L., Scheinin, N. M., Kortesluoma, S., Coimbra, B., Rodrigues, A. J., & Karlsson, H. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.019 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Quinete, N., Bertram, J., Reska, M., Lang, J., & Kraus, T. (2014) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.034 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Engert, V., Kok, B. E., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Stalder, T., Kirschbaum, C., Apostolakou, F., Papanastasopoulou, C., Papassotiriou, I., Pervanidou, P., Chrousos, G. P., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.023 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Tegethoff, M., Raul, J., Jamey, C., Khelil, M. B., Ludes, B., & Meinlschmidt, G. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.05.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term glucocorticoid levels measured in hair in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders
Gerritsen, L., Staufenbiel, S. M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., van Hemert, A. M., Noppe, G., de Rijke, Y. B., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Radiolabel validation of cortisol in the hair of rhesus monkeys
Kapoor, A., SCHULTZ‐DARKEN, N. J., & Ziegler, T. E. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.07.022 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Faresjö, Å., Jullander, M., Götmalm, S., & Theodorsson, E. (2014) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-014-0030-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Concerns regarding hair cortisol as a biomarker of chronic stress in exercise and sport science.
Gerber, M., Brand, S., Lindwall, M., Elliot, C., Kalak, N., Herrmann, C., Pühse, U., & Jónsdóttir, I. H. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Relationship between hair and salivary cortisol and pregnancy in women undergoing IVF
Massey, A. J., Campbell, B. K., Raine‐Fenning, N., Pincott‐Allen, C., Perry, J., & Vedhara, K. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.027 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Short communication: Hair cortisol concentrations in Holstein-Friesian and crossbreed F1 heifers
Peric, T., Comin, A., Corazzin, M., Montillo, M., Cappa, A., Campanile, G., & Prandi, A. (2013) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2012-6151 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sources of variation in hair cortisol in wild and captive non-human primates
Fourie, N. H., Brown, J. L., Jolly, C. J., Phillips‐Conroy, J. E., Rogers, J., & Bernstein, R. M. (2016) · Zoology · doi:10.1016/j.zool.2016.01.001 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
- Authors
- Raul, J.-S., Cirimele, V., Ludes, B., & Kintz, P.
- Affiliations
- Université de Strasbourg (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Raul, Jean-Sébastien
- Venue
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1105-1111
- ISSN
- 0009-9120 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996199271
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 15.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Biochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
- Keywords
- cortisol, cortisone, human hair, endogenous glucocorticoids, hair analysis, doping control, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, solid-phase extraction, hair color, sex differences, age differences, detection limit, limit of quantification
- MeSH terms
- Acetonitriles, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cortisone, Ether, Female, Formates, Hair, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Methylene Chloride, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
