Non-invasive assessment of reproductive status and stress in captive Asian elephants in three south Indian zoos
Abstract
Asian elephants in captivity need immediate attention to be bred so as to meet the increasing demand for captive elephants and to overcome the dependence on supplementing the captive stock with wild animals. Unfortunately, captive breeding programs across the globe have met with limited success and therefore more effort is needed to improve breeding in captivity. Endocrine profiling of reproductive hormones (progestagens and androgens) and the stress hormone (glucocorticoids) could facilitate better management and breeding strategies. In the present study, we investigated reproductive and stress physiology of 12 captive Asian elephants for 10-27 months using a non-invasive method based on steroid analysis of 1700 elephant dung samples. Most of the elephants were cycling regularly. Males during musth showed increased fecal androgen metabolite concentrations and exhibited a slight increase in fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels. Elephants used in public festivals and processions showed significantly increased in faecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels. The results indicate that captive elephants require periodic health care, better husbandry practices and scientific management for sustainable captive population.
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The fAM assay using a double-antibody EIA with anti-testosterone antibody (R156/7) was validated for Asian elephants.
“Concentrations of fAM were quantified by a double-antibody EIA validated for Asian elephants [48] utilizing an anti-testosterone antibody (R156/7).”
From Socializing a group of male Asian elephants in a semi-captive facility in Lao PDR (2025) · cites this paper as [48]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kumar, V., Palugulla Reddy, V., Kokkiligadda, A., Shivaji, S., & Umapathy, G.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Umapathy, Govindhaswamy
- Venue
- General and Comparative Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 201
- Pages
- 37-44
- ISSN
- 0016-6480 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000708782
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- General and Comparative Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Reproductive Physiology in Livestock
- Keywords
- Asian elephant, captive breeding, reproductive status, stress physiology, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, musth, reproductive hormones, non-invasive sampling, dung analysis, public processions, zoo animal husbandry
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Animals, Animals, Zoo, Elephants, Feces, Female, Glucocorticoids, Male, Reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological
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