Management factors affecting adrenal glucocorticoid activity of tourist camp elephants in Thailand and implications for elephant welfare
Open accessAbstract
Elephant camps are among the most popular destinations in Thailand for tourists from many countries. A wide range of management strategies are used by these camps, which can have varied impacts on health and welfare of elephants. The objectives of this study were to examine relationships between FGM (fecal glucocorticoid metabolite) concentrations and camp management factors (work routine, walking, restraint, rest area, foraging), and to other welfare indicators (stereotypic behaviors, body condition, foot health, and skin wounds). Data were obtained on 84 elephants (18 males and 66 females) from 15 elephant camps over a 1-year period. Elephants were examined every 3 months and assigned a body condition score, foot score, and wound score. Fecal samples were collected twice monthly for FGM analysis. Contrary to some beliefs, elephants in the observation only program where mahouts did not carry an ankus for protection had higher FGM concentrations compared to those at camps that offered riding with a saddle and shows. Elephants that were tethered in the forest at night had lower FGM concentrations compared to elephants that were kept in open areas inside the camps. There was an inverse relationship between FGM concentrations and occurrence of stereotypy, which was not anticipated. Thus, assessing adrenal activity via monitoring of FGM concentrations can provide important information on factors affecting the well-being of elephants. Results suggest that more naturalistic housing conditions and providing opportunities to exercise may be good for elephants under human care in Thailand, and that a no riding, no hook policy does not necessarily guarantee good welfare.
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Use of the ankus is a welfare concern among elephants used for tourism.
“For example, Bansiddhi et al. (2019) reported that use of the ankus is a welfare concern among elephants used for tourism; half of the elephants studied had wounds, with most caused primarily by the ankus (e.g., abrasions, lacerations, abscesses) but also knives (e.g., penetrating and incision wounds), scratches, and pressure wounds”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Bansiddhi et al., 2019
The Discussion reports wounds in 42 of 84 elephants, primarily attributed to the ankus, and describes the listed wound types, drawing some details from a larger study. It calls *misuse* of the ankus a welfare concern, whereas the citing sentence describes ankus use generally as a concern; the Discussion also reports no significant effect of ankus use on FGM concentrations. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost wounds in the Bansiddhi et al. (2019) study were caused primarily by the ankus.
“with most caused primarily by the ankus (e.g., abrasions, lacerations, abscesses) but also knives (e.g., penetrating and incision wounds), scratches, and pressure wounds”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Bansiddhi et al., 2019
Half of the elephants studied in Bansiddhi et al. (2019) had wounds.
“half of the elephants studied had wounds, with most caused primarily by the ankus (e.g., abrasions, lacerations, abscesses) but also knives (e.g., penetrating and incision wounds), scratches, and pressure wounds”
From Continuing challenges of elephant captivity: the captive environment, health issues, and welfare implications (2024) · cites this paper as Bansiddhi et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Bansiddhi, P., Brown, J. L., Khonmee, J., Norkaew, T., Nganvongpanit, K., Punyapornwithaya, V., Angkawanish, T., Somgird, C., & Thitaram, C.
- Affiliations
- Chiang Mai University (TH)
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thitaram, Chatchote
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e0221537
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6771993
- OpenAlex
- W2979221504
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Research Council of Thailand (170183)
- Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. program, Thailand Research Fund (PHD/0187/2558)
- Chiang Mai University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Equine › Veterinary Equine Medical Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Keywords
- captive elephants, elephant welfare, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, stereotypy, tethering, physical activity, body condition, foot health, skin wounds, Mahout, Thailand
- MeSH terms
- Parks, Recreational, Adrenal Glands, Animals, Elephants, Feces, Female, Glucocorticoids, Male, Thailand
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