Negative relationships in the family-of-origin predict attenuated cortisol in emerging adults
Open accessAbstract
Negative childhood family environments have been associated with stress-related physical and psychological health consequences across the lifespan. The present study examined the relation between adverse relationships in the family of origin and physiological stress response, as measured by salivary cortisol, in emerging adulthood. Seventy-six university students (age range=18-22) selected from intact married families-of-origin characterized by either negative (n=39) or positive (n=37) relationship quality engaged in a challenging role play task. Results from multilevel models indicated that those from negative families exhibited significantly lower salivary cortisol across the task than those from positive families. This relation did not change in strength or direction after controlling for experiences with abuse or recent anxiety or depressive symptoms. These findings suggest the significance of early family relationships on the long-term activity of the HPA axis.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Luecken et al. (2009) found a relation between positive early family relations and cortisol responsivity in adults.
“A relation between positive early family relations and cortisol responsivity in adults was also found by Luecken et al. (2009).”
From The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity (2011) · cites this paper as Luecken et al. (2009)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,406 · see citing works
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00017-8 · Cited by 18,943 · see citing works
Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00541-0 · Cited by 6,419 · see citing works
Introduction to Statistical Mediation Analysis
MacKinnon, D. P. (2012) · doi:10.4324/9780203809556 · Cited by 5,618 · see citing works
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C., Perry, B. D., Dube, S. R., & Giles, W. H. (2006) · European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4 · Cited by 4,292 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Anda et al. (2006) outline a strong case for the causal nature of childhood family adversity in the long-term development of psychological and physical disorder, articulating neuroendocrine dysregulation as a plausible pathway for the relation.”
BackgroundInitial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577 · see citing works
The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine
McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2003) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00024-7 · Cited by 3,302 · see citing works
Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring
Repetti, R. L., Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.330 · Cited by 2,884 · see citing works
The neurobiology of stress and development.
Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605 · Cited by 2,011 · see citing works
The potential role of hypocortisolism in the pathophysiology of stress-related bodily disorders
Heim, C., Ehlert, U., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2000) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(99)00035-9 · Cited by 1,688 · see citing works
Raison, C. L., & Miller, A. H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1554 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Social regulation of the cortisol levels in early human development
Gunnar, M. R., & Donzella, B. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00045-2 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Insights Into Causal Pathways for Ischemic Heart Disease: Adverse Childhood Experiences Study
Dong, M., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williams, J. E., Chapman, D. P., & Anda, R. F. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000143074.54995.7f · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and personal alcohol abuse as an adult
Dube, S. R., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., & Croft, J. B. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00204-0 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Bonsall, R., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575 · Cited by 746 · see citing works
Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis
Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010 · Cited by 737 · see citing works
Carpenter, L. L., Carvalho, J. P., Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L. M., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Price, L. H. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.002 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Resources and resilience in the transition to adulthood: Continuity and change
Masten, A. S., Burt, K. B., Roisman, G. I., Obradović, J., Long, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579404040143 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults
Anda, R. F., Brown, D. W., Dube, S. R., Bremner, J. D., Felitti, V. J., & Giles, W. H. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.02.002 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Developmental traumatology: a contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders
De Bellis, M. D. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00042-7 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Diminished cortisol responses to psychosocial stress associated with lifetime adverse events
Elzinga, B. M., Roelofs, K., Tollenaar, M. S., Bakvis, P., van Pelt, J., & Spinhoven, P. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.004 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Suffering, Selfish, Slackers? Myths and Reality About Emerging Adults
Arnett, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9157-z · Cited by 332 · see citing works
The impact of childhood living conditions on illness and mortality in adulthood
Lundberg, O. (1993) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(93)90122-k · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Nicolson, N. A. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244.n3 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function
Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L., Price, L. H., Ross, N., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.011 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Early caregiving and physiological stress responses
Luecken, L. J., & Lemery‐Chalfant, K. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.01.003 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationInterparental Conflict and Child Development: Theory, Research and Application
Grych, J. H., & Fincham, F. D. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Divorce, Family Conflict, and Adolescents' Well-Being
Mechanic, D., & Hansell, S. (1989) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136916 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Handbook of Physiological Research Methods in Health Psychology
Luecken, L. J., & Gallo, L. C. (2008) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976244 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Stress and Family Environment
Flinn, M. V., & England, B. G. (1995) · Current Anthropology · doi:10.1086/204444 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
What Are the Costs of Marital Conflict and Dissolution to Children's Physical Health?
Troxel, W., & Matthews, K. A. (2004) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/b:ccfp.0000020191.73542.b0 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Pendry, P., & Adam, E. K. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025407074634 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.918 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Bremner, J. D., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Kelley, M. E. (2007) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181594ca0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Salivary Cortisol and Psychopathology in Children Bereaved by the September 11, 2001 Terror Attacks
Pfeffer, C. R., Altemus, M., Heo, M., & Jiang, H. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.037 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Granger, D. A., Serbin, L. A., Schwartzman, A. E., Lehoux, P. M., Cooperman, J. M., & Ikeda, S. C. (1998) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502598384135 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Luecken, L. J., & Appelhans, B. M. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060160 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationFloyd, K., Mikkelson, A. C., Tafoya, M. A., Farinelli, L., Valley, A. G. L., Judd, J., Davis, K. L., Haynes, M. T., & Wilson, J. (2007) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.3200/bmed.32.4.151-156 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Parental caring and loss during childhood and adult cortisol responses to stress
Luecken, L. J. (2000) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440008405586 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationLong-term effects of early parental loss due to divorce on the HPA axis
Bloch, M., Peleg, I., Koren, D., Aner, H., & Klein, E. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Emotional and cardiovascular sensitization to daily stress following childhood parental loss.
Luecken, L. J., Kraft, A. J., Appelhans, B. M., & Enders, C. K. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013888 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationLuecken, L. J., Appelhans, B. M., Kraft, A. J., & Brown, A. C. (2006) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407506062466 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationRole-played interpersonal interaction: Ecological validity and cardiovascular reactivity
Waldstein, S. R., Neumann, S. A., Burns, H. O., & Maier, K. J. (1998) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02886379 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Family stress and coronary risk in children.
Weidner, G., Hutt, J., Connor, S. L., & Mendell, N. R. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199207000-00009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kot, L., & Shoemaker, H. M. (1999) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1300/j087v31n01_09 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Parental Marital Quality and Family Conflict
Burns, A. M., & Dunlop, R. (2002) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1300/j087v37n01_04 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stress reactivity and attachment security
Gunnar, M. R., Brodersen, L., Nachmias, M., Buss, K., & Rigatuso, J. (1996) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199604)29:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Moos RH Moos BS 1994 Family Environment Scale Manual Consulting Psychologists Press Palo Alto, CA
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007 · Cited by 1,373 · see citing works
Lovallo, W. R. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.006 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Allostatic processes in the family
Repetti, R. L., Robles, T. F., & Reynolds, B. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457941100040x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Reijneveld, S. A., Bakker, M. P., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.013 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Carol, E. E., & Mittal, V. A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.03.018 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lucas‐Thompson, R. G. (2012) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00818.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gerra, G., Somaini, L., Manfredini, M., Raggi, M. A., Saracino, M. A., Amore, M., Leonardi, C., Cortese, E., & Donnini, C. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Hagan, M. J., Roubinov, D. S., Purdom Marreiro, C. L., & Luecken, L. J. (2014) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21157 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Luecken, L. J., Kraft, A., & Hagan, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Luecken, Linda J.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 412-417
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2783646
- OpenAlex
- W2006626058
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R03 MH069804-1, R03MH069804)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- family of origin, salivary cortisol, emerging adulthood, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, physiological stress response, childhood adversity, role-play tasks, family environment, abuse, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Child, Child Abuse, Child Abuse, Sexual, Depression, Education, Ethnicity, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Models, Psychological, Role Playing, Saliva, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Multivariate Analysis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
