Resting cortisol level, self-concept, and putative familial environment in adolescents at ultra high-risk for psychotic disorders
Open accessAbstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that resting cortisol levels are elevated in patients with schizophrenia and closely tied to symptom severity. However, there is limited research on the biological stress system during the ultra high-risk (UHR) period immediately preceding the onset of psychosis, and cortisol has not been examined in relation to individual characteristics such as self-concept or potential stressors such as putative familial environment in this critical population. In the present study, salivary cortisol samples were collected on 37 UHR and 42 matched control adolescents, and these individuals were assessed with clinical interviews as well as a measure of self-concept. For a subsection of the sample (23 UHR and 20 control adolescents), a participating relative/caretaker was also assessed with an expressed emotion interview designed to gauge psychosocial environment. Consistent with previous studies, UHR participants exhibited elevated resting cortisol levels when compared with controls. In addition, UHR adolescents exhibited increased negative self-concept and their relatives/caretakers endorsed significantly fewer initial positive statements about the participant. Interestingly, a strong trend in the UHR group suggests that higher cortisol levels are associated with higher rates of critical statements from relatives/caretakers. Furthermore, elevated cortisol levels in the participants were associated with increased negative self-concept as well as fewer initial positive comments from relatives/caretakers. Results suggest that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysfunction is closely associated with both individual and environmental-level characteristics. Taken together, these findings support a neural diathesis-stress model of psychosis and future studies, designed to examine causal relationships, stand to inform both our understanding of pathogenic processes in the high-risk period as well as early intervention efforts.
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General distress experienced early in life, such as through childhood trauma, bullying victimization, or unsupportive family environments, is a key vulnerability factor linked to future psychotic experiences.
“One key vulnerability factor is general distress experienced early in life, for instance through childhood trauma, bullying victimization, or unsupportive family environments, all of which have been linked to future psychotic experiences (Carol & Mittal, 2015; Catone et al., 2015; Mayo et al., 2019; Wigman et al., 2012).”
From Narrative identity in the psychosis spectrum: A systematic review and developmental model (2021) · cites this paper as Carol & Mittal, 2015
The Introduction (page unavailable) links family criticism and emotional over-involvement with symptoms in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. The Discussion (page unavailable) also treats family environment as a relevant stressor, but says longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships. The paper does not establish the claimed links for bullying victimization or childhood trauma, or show that these experiences predict future psychotic experiences. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Self-citationPersonality Traits as Markers of Psychosis Risk in Kenya: Assessment of Temperament and Character
Mamah, D. T., Cloninger, C. R., Mutiso, V., Gitonga, I., Tele, A., & Ndetei, D. M. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin Open · doi:10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa051 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ristanovic, I., Vargas, T., Damme, K. S. F., & Mittal, V. A. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105996 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students
Owoso, A., Jansen, S., Ndetei, D. M., Musau, A., Mutiso, V., Mudenge, C., Ngirababyeyi, A., Gasovya, A., & Mamah, D. T. (2017) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796016001074 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Söder, E., Clamor, A., & Lincoln, T. M. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.012 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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Taurine prevents MK-801-induced shoal dispersion and altered cortisol responses in zebrafish
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Emotional Overinvolvement with Adolescents: a Problematic Construct?
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Social network size in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis
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Self-citationSex differences in morning cortisol in youth at ultra-high-risk for psychosis
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Monsonet, M., Ballespí, S., Sheinbaum, T., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623755 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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The relationships between expressed emotion, cortisol, and EEG alpha asymmetry
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Cortisol and ACTH levels in drug‐naive adolescents with first‐episode early onset schizophrenia
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Glucocorticoid adrenal function of patients with coronary artery disease with comorbidity
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Mnyaka-Dawethe, P., Musarurwa, H. T., Mahamba, A., Ndlovu, N., Yako, Y. Y., & Sewani-Rusike, C. R. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-120909
- Authors
- Carol, E. E., & Mittal, V. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carol, Emily E.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 57
- Pages
- 26-36
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4437835
- OpenAlex
- W2155598446
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH103231, R01MH094650)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- clinical high risk for psychosis, self-concept, family environment, expressed emotion, HPA axis dysregulation, adolescents, schizophrenia risk, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Family Relations, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interview, Psychological, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Saliva, Self Concept, Stress, Psychological, Expressed Emotion, Young Adult
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