Early life adversity reduces stress reactivity and enhances impulsive behavior: Implications for health behaviors
Open accessAbstract
Altered reactivity to stress, either in the direction of exaggerated reactivity or diminished reactivity, may signal a dysregulation of systems intended to maintain homeostasis and a state of good health. Evidence has accumulated that diminished reactivity to psychosocial stress may signal poor health outcomes. One source of diminished cortisol and autonomic reactivity is the experience of adverse rearing during childhood and adolescence. The Oklahoma Family Health Patterns Project has examined a cohort of 426 healthy young adults with and without a family history of alcoholism. Regardless of family history, persons who had experienced high degrees of adversity prior to age 16 had a constellation of changes including reduced cortisol and heart rate reactivity, diminished cognitive capacity, and unstable regulation of affect, leading to behavioral impulsivity and antisocial tendencies. We present a model whereby this constellation of physiological, cognitive, and affective tendencies is consistent with altered central dopaminergic activity leading to changes in brain function that may foster impulsive and risky behaviors. These in turn may promote greater use of alcohol other drugs along with adopting poor health behaviors. This model provides a pathway from early life adversity to low stress reactivity that forms a basis for risky behaviors and poor health outcomes.
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In human studies and animal experimentation, ELA consistently predicts HPA dysregulation generally persisting into adulthood, including patterns of hyper-reactivity or hypo-reactivity.
“In human studies and animal experimentation, ELA consistently predicts HPA dysregulation generally persisting into adulthood, including patterns of hyper-reactivity, suggesting potential acquired resistance to glucocorticoid negative feedback [29], or hypo-reactivity, suggesting possible attenuated stress sensitivity or exaggerated axis suppression [44].”
From Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
Section 4.1 (page not supplied) reports that early adversity is associated with blunted cortisol responses in early adulthood, while noting that not all studies agree. The cited paper focuses on human studies and does not establish the sentence’s broader claim across animal experiments or its proposed explanation of exaggerated HPA-axis suppression. The hyper-reactivity clause is attached to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Altered cortisol response in sober alcoholics: An examination of contributing factors
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Cortisol levels and time-discounting of monetary gain in humans
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Relationship of Age of First Drink to Child Behavioral Problems and Family Psychopathology
Samuel Kuperman, C., Chan, G., Kramer, J., Bierut, L. J., Bucholz, K. K., Fox, L. W., HESSELBROCK, V. M., Nürnberger, J. I., Reich, T., Reich, W., et al. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000183190.32692.c7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Negative relationships in the family-of-origin predict attenuated cortisol in emerging adults
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Attenuated Heart Rate Responses to Public Speaking in Individuals With Alcohol Dependence
Panknin, T. L., Dickensheets, S. L., Nixon, S. J., & Lovallo, W. R. (2002) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02613.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationHormonal and behavioral homeostasis in boys at risk for substance abuse
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Childhood parental divorce and cortisol in young adulthood: Evidence for mediation by family income
Kraft, A. J., & Luecken, L. J. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.008 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effect of trait hostility on cardiovascular responses to harassment in young men
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Effects of Childhood Adversity on Bullying and Cruelty to Animals in the United States
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Family Transmission and Heritability of Externalizing Disorders: A Twin-Family Study
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Early Environmental Predictors of the Affective and Interpersonal Constructs of Psychopathy
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Individual Differences in Response to Stress and Risk for Addiction
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Dopaminergic Reward Pathways and Effects of Stress
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Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes
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“In human studies and animal experimentation, ELA consistently predicts HPA dysregulation generally persisting into adulthood, including patterns of hyper-reactivity, suggesting potential acquired resistance to glucocorticoid negative feedback [29], or hypo-reactivity, suggesting possible attenuated stress sensitivity…”
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“Young adults experiencing higher adversity prior to age 16 exhibited a constellation of changes that included unstable regulation of emotion, and behavioral instability, along with blunted cortisol and autonomic reactivity (Lovallo, 2013).”
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Childhood adversity impact on gut microbiota and inflammatory response to stress during pregnancy
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Stress, cortisol and suicide risk
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Toward subtyping of suicidality: Brief suicidal ideation is associated with greater stress response
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Stress, psychological resources, and HPA and inflammatory reactivity during late adolescence
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Stress psychobiology in the context of addiction medicine
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Kentrop, J., van der Tas, L., Loi, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Joëls, M., & van der Veen, R. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00122 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lovallo, W. R.
- Affiliations
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lovallo, William R.
- ORCID
- Lovallo, William R.
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 8-16
- ISSN
- 0167-8760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3587283
- OpenAlex
- W2105588815
- Semantic Scholar
- 49a0cbe277b3310a6d4cfab7d328f43756a90d91
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service
- National Institutes of Health
- NIAAA (AA12207, AA19691)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, stress reactivity, cortisol response, heart rate reactivity, impulsive behavior, health risk behaviors, alcohol consumption, family history of alcoholism, dopaminergic activity, emotion regulation, cognitive ability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Impulsive Behavior, Life Change Events, Male, Stress, Psychological, Health Behavior, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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