Cited by 490Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesDigital Mental Health Interventions

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Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study

Garcia-Palacios, A, Hoffman, H, Carlin, A, Furness, T.A, Botella, C·2002·Behaviour Research and Therapy

DOI 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7

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Abstract

This study explored whether virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy was effective in the treatment of spider phobia. We compared a treatment condition vs. a waiting list condition in a between group design with 23 participants. Participants in the VR treatment group received an average of four one-hour exposure therapy sessions. VR exposure was effective in treating spider phobia compared to a control condition as measured with a Fear of Spiders questionnaire, a Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT), and severity ratings made by the clinician and an independent assessor. Eighty-three percent of patients in the VR treatment group showed clinically significant improvement compared with 0% in the waiting list group, and no patients dropped out. This study shows that VR exposure can be effective in the treatment of phobias.

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Authors: Garcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. A., & Botella, C.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Universitat Jaume I (ES)
ORCID: Hoffman, H
Furness, T.A
Botella, C
Venue: Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-09
Volume: 40
Issue: 9
Pages: 983-993
ISSN: 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7
OpenAlex: W2002713980
Cited by: 490
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 18.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Keywords: virtual reality exposure therapy, spider phobia, phobia treatment, avoidance behavior, treatment efficacy, waitlist control
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Spiders, User-Computer Interface, Single-Blind Method

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Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study

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