One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of flying phobia
Abstract
Twenty-eight patients with flying phobia, fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for specific phobia, were assessed with behavioral, and self-report measures. They were randomly assigned to two treatment conditions: (1) 1-session, or (2) 5-sessions of exposure and cognitive restructuring. The first condition consisted of a single 3 hr session of massed treatment, and the second condition of 6 hr of gradual treatment. Treatment was done individually by very experienced therapists. The results showed that the two treatment conditions did equally well and there were no differences between them. At post-treatment 93% of the 1-session group and 79% of the 5-session group managed to take an unaccompanied return fight. At the 1-yr follow-up assessment the effects were maintained on all measures except the behavioral test; in both groups 64% of the patients took the flight. The most plausible reason for this deterioration is that during the follow-up year the subjects who relapsed didn't have the opportunity to fly as a job requirement with the employer paying the expenses. The implications of these results are discussed.
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One-session treatment for specific phobias yields outcomes comparable to five sessions, with gains maintained up to four years.
“One-session treatment of flying phobia, blood-injection-injury phobia, spider phobia, claustrophobia, and other specific phobias has shown comparable outcomes to five-session treatment, with clinically significant improvements maintained for follow-up periods as long as four years (Öst, Alm, Brandberg, & Breitholtz, 2001; Öst, Brandberg, & Alm, 1997; Öst, Hellström, & Kåver, 1992).”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Öst, Brandberg, & Alm, 1997
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Bifocal emotion regulation through acupoint tapping in fear of flying
Wittfoth, D., Beise, J., Manuel, J., Bohne, M., & Wittfoth, M. (2022) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.102996 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…research suggests that a single intervention session is sufficient to lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of various anxiety-related disorders including specific phobias, e.g. fear of flying and claustrophia (Clond, 2016; Öst et al., 2001, 1997; Salas et al., 2011; Zlomke and Davis, 2008).”
BackgroundComputer-assisted therapy in the treatment of flight phobia: A case report
Bornas, X., Fullana, M. A., Tortella‐Feliu, M., Llabrés, J., & García‐Banda, G. (2001) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(01)80058-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brief Imaginal Exposure for PTSD: Trajectories of Change in Distress
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Use of skills learned in CBT for fear of flying: Managing flying anxiety after September 11th
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Empirical Status of One-Session Treatment
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“Three studies delivered OSTs in a small-group format consisting of groups up to eight participants (Öst, 1996; Öst et al., 1997; Götestam, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodThree Versus Six Sessions of Computer-aided Vicarious Exposure Treatment for Spider Phobia
Fraser, J., Kirkby, K., Daniels, B., Gilroy, L. J., & Montgomery, I. (2001) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.18.4.213 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-implication and heart rate variability during simulated exposure to flight-related stimuli
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Virtual reality as treatment for fear of flying: A review of recent research.
Price, M. S., Anderson, P., & Rothbaum, B. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100864 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This was inspired by prior work that has indicated a single treatment session of multiple in vivo exposures was sufficient at reducing symptoms of specific phobia (Ost, 1989; Ost et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResult(2006) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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Wannemueller, A., Gruszka, P., Chwalek, S., Fröhlich, S., Mulders, M., Schaumburg, S., Schöttes, J., Wiederhold, S., & Margraf, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02411 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Exposure Therapy: Promoting Emotional Processing of Pathological Anxiety
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El tratamiento de los trastornos de ansiedad a las puertas del siglo XXI
Caballo, V. E., & Vílchez, P. M. (2000) · Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Computer-assisted exposure treatment for flight phobia
Tortella-Feliu, M., Bornas, X., & Llabrés, J. (2008) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100840 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wannemueller, A., Schaumburg, S., Tavenrath, S., Bellmann, A., Ebel, K., Teismann, T., Friedrich, S., & Margraf, J. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103735 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wannemueller, A., Fasbender, A., Kampmann, Z., Weiser, K., Schaumburg, S., Velten, J., & Margraf, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01534 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“So far, three studies delivered OSTs in small group settings (Öst, 1996; Öst et al., 1997b; Götestam, 2002).”
The Use of In Vivo Desensitization for the Treatment of a Specific Phobia of Earthworms
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“revealed the considerable effect of OST on reducing rat phobia, which is in agreement with other previous reports.(20,55) However, in vivo therapies have a number of”
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Animal models of exposure therapy
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The Successful Treatment of Specific Phobia in a College Counseling Center
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Fear of Flying (Aviophobia): Efficacy and Methodological Lessons Learned from Outcome Trials
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Intensive Cognitive-Behavioural Treatment for Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents
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Flugangst und Flugphobie: Stand der Forschung
Schindler, B., Mörstedt, B., & Stieglitz, R. (2017) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000456024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exposure induced changes in EEG phase synchrony and entropy: A snake phobia case report
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- Authors
- Öst, L.-G., Brandberg, M., & Alm, T.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Öst, Lars-Göran
- ORCID
- Öst, Lars-Göran
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 987-996
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2014732760
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- specific phobia, exposure therapy, cognitive restructuring, single-session intervention, treatment duration, relapse, maintenance of treatment effects, return flight
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aircraft, Analysis of Variance, Desensitization, Psychologic, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Length of Stay, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Travel, Treatment Outcome
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