CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 179Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychology of Moral and Emotional JudgmentDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Disgust sensitivity and contamination fears in spider and blood-injection-injury phobias

Sawchuk, Craig N, Lohr, Jeffrey M, Tolin, David F, Lee, Thomas C, Kleinknecht, Ronald A·2000·Behaviour Research and Therapy
DOI 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00093-5
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Disgust has been implicated in the onset and maintenance of blood-injection-injury (BII) and animal phobias. Research suggests that people with these phobias are characterized by an elevated sensitivity to disgust-evoking stimuli separate from their phobic concerns. The disgust response has been described as the rejection of potential contaminants. Disgust-motivated avoidance of phobic stimuli may therefore be related to fears of contamination or infection. The present study compared BII phobics, spider phobics and nonphobics on two measures of disgust sensitivity and two measures of contamination fears. Positive correlations were found between disgust sensitivity and contamination fear. Specific phobics scored higher than nonphobics on all scales and BII phobics scored higher than spider phobics on contamination fear measures. Furthermore, the contamination fear scales were correlated with the blood phobia measure, but not correlated with the spider phobia measure. The results suggest that while both phobias are characterized by elevated disgust sensitivity, contamination fear is more prominent in BII than spider phobia.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00093-5

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are indications that BII-phobia patients have a heightened disgust sensitivity in specific domains, such as body envelope violations, contamination, or death, although studies are not consistent.

    “There are also indications that BII-phobia patients have a heightened disgust sensitivity in specific domains, such as body envelope violations, contamination, or death (e.g., de Jong & Merckelbach, 1998; Sawchuk et al., 2000; Tolin et al., 1997), although studies are not consistent (see also Sawchuk et al., 2002).”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Sawchuk et al., 2000

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 29

  1. Angyal, 1941, Disgust and related aversions, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 36, 393, 10.1037/h0058254 · DOI
  2. Burns, 1996, Revision of the Padua Inventory of obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms: distinctions between worry, obsessions and compulsions, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 163, 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00035-6 · DOI
  3. Davey, 1992, Characteristics of individuals with fear of spiders, Anxiety Research, 4, 299, 10.1080/08917779208248798 · DOI
  4. de Jong, 1998, Blood–injection–injury phobia and fear of spiders: domain specific individual differences in disgust sensitivity, Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 153, 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00178-5 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Ekman, 1983, Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions, Science, 221, 1208, 10.1126/science.6612338 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Gelder, 1968, Forearm blood flow and phobic anxiety, British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1371, 10.1192/bjp.114.516.1371 · DOI
  7. Haidt, 1994, Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: a scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors, Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701, 10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Hodgson, 1977, Obsessional–compulsive complaints, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 389, 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90042-0 · DOI
  9. Kleinknecht, 1996, Factorial dimensions and correlates of blood, injection and related medical fear: cross-validation of the medical fear survey, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 323, 10.1016/0005-7967(95)00072-0 · DOI
  10. Klorman, 1974, Psychometric description of some specific fear questionnaires, Behavior Therapy, 5, 401, 10.1016/S0005-7894(74)80008-0 · DOI
  11. Levenson, 1992, Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions, Psychological Science, 3, 23, 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00251.x · DOI
  12. Matchett, 1991, A test of the disease-avoidance model of animal phobias, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 91, 10.1016/S0005-7967(09)80011-9 · DOI
  13. Merckelbach, 1987, Fear of animals: correlations between fear ratings and perceived characteristics, Psychological Reports, 60, 1203, 10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1203 · DOI
  14. Merckelbach, 1993, The role of evaluative learning and disgust sensitivity in the etiology and treatment of spider phobia, Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 243, 10.1016/0146-6402(93)90011-P · DOI
  15. Mulkens, 1996, Disgust and spider phobia, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 464, 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.464 · DOI
  16. Öst, 1992, One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of injection phobia, Behavior Therapy, 23, 263, 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80385-5 · DOI · Paper page
  17. Page, 1994, Blood–injury phobia, Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 443, 10.1016/0272-7358(94)90036-1 · DOI
  18. Rachman, 1994, Pollution of the mind, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 311, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90127-9 · DOI
  19. Riskind, J. H. (1997). Looming vulnerability to threat: a cognitive paradigm for anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 685–702 · DOI
  20. Riskind, 1997, Looming vulnerability to spreading contamination in subclinical OCD, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 405, 10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00113-1 · DOI
  21. Riskind, 1994, Loomingness and the fear of AIDS: perceptions of motion and menace, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 432, 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00591.x · DOI
  22. Riskind, 1995, The looming of spiders: the fearful perceptual distortion of movement and menace, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 171, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0023-C · DOI
  23. Rozin, 1987, A perspective on disgust, Psychological Review, 94, 23, 10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.23 · DOI
  24. Rozin, 1984, Familial resemblance in attitudes to foods, Developmental Psychology, 20, 309, 10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.309 · DOI
  25. Rozin, 1986, Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 703, 10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.703 · DOI
  26. Steketee, 1994, Behavioral assessment and treatment planning with obsessive compulsive disorder: a review emphasizing clinical application, Behavior Therapy, 25, 613, 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80201-1 · DOI
  27. Thyer, 1985, On the diphasic nature of vasovagal fainting associated with blood–injury-illness phobia, Journal Pavlovian of Biological Science, 20, 84, 10.1007/BF03003257 · DOI · Paper page
  28. Tolin, 1997, Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood–injection–injury and spider phobia, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 949, 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00048-X · DOI · Paper page
  29. Ware, 1994, Disease-avoidance model: factor analysis of common animal fears, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 57, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)90084-1 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Tolin, D. F., Lee, T. C., & Kleinknecht, R. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
  • Western Washington University (US)
Corresponding author
Sawchuk, Craig N
ORCID
Venue
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2000-08
Volume
38
Issue
8
Pages
753-762
ISSN
0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00093-5
OpenAlex
W2008734978
Cited by
179
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
disgust sensitivity, fear of contamination, spider phobia, blood-injection-injury phobia, animal phobia, avoidance, fear of infection, specific phobia
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Blood, Fear, Female, Humans, Injections, Male, Motivation, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Spiders, Case-Control Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review