Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle
Abstract
Background The fact that most women experience sleep changes across the menstrual cycle is thought to be associated with changes in circadian rhythms; however, few studies have investigated this relationship.Methods We applied an ultrashort sleep-wake schedule to eight healthy women and studied diurnal fluctuations in sleep propensity, sleepiness, rectal temperature, and serum concentrations of melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and cortisol in the follicular and luteal phases.Results In the luteal phase, amplitude of core body temperature, total melatonin secretions, and amplitudes of TSH and cortisol rhythms were significantly decreased, whereas sleepiness and occurrence of slow-wave sleep during the daytime were significantly increased. Differences in the amount of daytime slow-wave sleep across the menstrual cycle were positively correlated with differences in the daily mean rectal temperature.Conclusions The findings suggest that the amplitude of circadian oscillation may be dampened in the luteal phase. Increased daytime sleepiness in the luteal phase may be associated with increased daytime slow-wave sleep, due possibly to changes in thermoregulation in the luteal phase.
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Sleep propensity varied significantly across the circadian day but did not differ between menstrual phases.
“Sleep propensity (defined in the study as the sum of the duration of stages 2, 3, 4 and REM sleep occurring at each 10-minute nap trial) varied significantly across the circadian day, but did not differ between menstrual phases.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
From 09:00 to 16:30, the number of naps containing slow wave sleep was increased during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“Their main finding was that from 09:00 to 16:30, the number of naps containing SWS was increased during the LP compared to the FP [37].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
During the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, the amplitude of the circadian variation of core body temperature is significantly reduced, mainly owing to a blunted nocturnal decline.
“as well as a significant reduction in the amplitude of the circadian variation of CBT [35–38], owing mainly to a blunted nocturnal decline of CBT.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
Under constant conditions, the 24-hour area under the curve for plasma melatonin was significantly decreased during the luteal phase, though other timing measures were unaffected.
“However, in a well-controlled study sampling every hour during the FP and LP under constant conditions, the 24-hour area under the curve (AUC) for plasma melatonin was significantly decreased during the LP, though other timing measures were unaffected [37].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
The thyroid stimulating hormone rhythm was decreased in amplitude and delayed by about 80 minutes in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“Sampling throughout an ultra-rapid sleep-wake cycle, the TSH rhythm was found to be decreased in amplitude and delayed by ~80 minutes in the LP compared to the FP [37].”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by about 1 hour, phase-advanced by about 1 hour, or decreased in amplitude during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by ~1 hour [63], phase-advanced by ~1 hour [68] or decreased in amplitude [37] during the LP compared to the FP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
CBT circadian amplitude is reduced during the luteal phase.
“Mean levels are increased (particularly during night time hours) [35, 36] and the circadian amplitude is reduced [35–38] during LP.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
Variable results including both increases and decreases in melatonin and changes in the timing of hormones have been described.
“Generally, circadian hormone rhythms are not significantly altered across the menstrual cycle (see Table 2), though variable results including both increases [58, 59] and decreases [37] in melatonin as well as changes in the timing of hormones [35] have been described.”
From Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [37]
Most studies that confirmed ovulatory cycles found that mean or mesor core body temperature is increased in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“Most studies that confirmed the presence of ovulatory cycles found that the mean or mesor core body temperature is increased”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Most studies that confirmed ovulatory cycles found that the nocturnal decline in core body temperature is blunted, reducing the amplitude of the daily temperature rhythm in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.
“the nocturnal decline in core body temperature is blunted, reducing the amplitude of the daily temperature rhythm in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase (Figure 2; 35,65-75).”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Studies using constant routine or rapid ultradian nap protocols to expose the endogenous circadian core body temperature rhythm have confirmed that the circadian amplitude of core body temperature in the luteal phase is blunted.
“Studies that have applied constant routine protocols or rapid ultradian nap protocols to expose the endogenous circadian core body temperature rhythm have confirmed that the circadian amplitude of core body temperature in the luteal phase is blunted [73–76]”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Shibui et al. concluded that there is an overall change in the circadian pacemaker.
“leading them to conclude that there is an overall change in the circadian pacemaker”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
Shibui et al. found a blunted amplitude of thyroid-stimulating hormone and a trend for a lower area under the melatonin curve, in addition to a blunted temperature rhythm, in women in the follicular versus luteal phase.
“Shibui and colleagues [73] investigated multiple circadian hormone and temperature rhythms in women in the follicular versus luteal phase and found a blunted amplitude of thyroid-stimulating hormone and a trend for a lower area under the melatonin curve, in addition to a blunted temperature rhythm”
From Temperature regulation in women: Effects of the menstrual cycle (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
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Sex Differences in Circadian Timing and Biological Night in Adolescents
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Sex Differences and Menstrual-Related Changes in Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
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THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, DYSMENORRHEA, AND SLEEP
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Luteal-phase resistance training enhances nocturnal heat dissipation and delta power during sleepPreprint
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- Authors
- Shibui, K., Uchiyama, M., Okawa, M., Kudo, Y., Kim, K., Liu, X., Kamei, Y., Hayakawa, T., Akamatsu, T., Ohta, K., & Ishibashi, K.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- National Institute of Mental Health (JP)
- Shiga University of Medical Science (JP)
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (JP)
- SHOWA Medical University (JP)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Uchiyama, Makoto
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1062-1068
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997503523
- Semantic Scholar
- f185be58bfacfeee951cfe87b7c2c1d29ce3902f
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, circadian rhythm, sleep propensity, sleepiness, slow-wave sleep, luteal phase, follicular phase, melatonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cortisol, core body temperature, thermoregulation, women's sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Body Temperature, Circadian Rhythm, Estradiol, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Luteal Phase, Melatonin, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Sleep, Thyrotropin, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies
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