Darkness facilitates the acoustic startle reflex in humans

Untitled work

(1970) · Cited by 24,983

The psychology of fear and stress

(1988) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-2399 · Cited by 3,133

The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety

Davis, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.002033 · Cited by 2,357

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex

Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377 · Cited by 2,205

Habituation: a dual-process theory.

Groves, P. M., & Thompson, R. F. (1970) · Psychology Review · doi:10.1037/h0029810 · Cited by 2,110

Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients

Marks, I. M., & Mathews, A. M. (1979) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90041-x · Cited by 1,801

The more or less startling effects of weak prestimulation

Graham, F. K. (1975) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01284.x · Cited by 1,119

Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input.

Hoffman, H. S., & Ison, J. R. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.2.175 · Cited by 780

Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis

Davis, M., Falls, W. A., Campeau, S., & Kim, M. (1993) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(93)90102-v · Cited by 751

Advances an Psychophysiology

Shapiro, D. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb03399.x · Cited by 705

Phasic vs Sustained Fear in Rats and Humans: Role of the Extended Amygdala in Fear vs Anxiety

Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Miles, L., & Grillon, C. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.109 · Cited by 1,513

Fear and anxiety: Animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology

Lang, P. J., Davis, M., & Öhman, A. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8 · Cited by 1,162

Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built Upon Ancient Foundations

Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369469 · Cited by 1,132

Neural systems involved in fear and anxiety measured with fear-potentiated startle.

Davis, M. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.8.741 · Cited by 611

A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry

Grillon, C., & Baas, J. M. P. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00202-5 · Cited by 591

Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?

Davis, M. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00288-1 · Cited by 545

Human threat management systems: Self-protection and disease avoidance

Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.08.011 · Cited by 560

Evolved Disease-Avoidance Processes and Contemporary Anti-Social Behavior: Prejudicial Attitudes and Avoidance of People with Physical Disabilities

Park, J. H., Faulkner, J., & Schaller, M. (2003) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1023910408854 · Cited by 526

Startle reactivity and anxiety disorders: aversive conditioning, context, and neurobiology

Grillon, C. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01665-7 · Cited by 514

Models and mechanisms of anxiety: evidence from startle studies

Grillon, C. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1019-1 · Cited by 456

Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: Implications for psychopathology

Sylvers, P. D., Lilienfeld, S. O., & LaPrairie, J. L. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.004 · Cited by 431

The relevance of recent developments in classical conditioning to understanding the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders

Mineka, S., & Oehlberg, K. A. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.007 · Cited by 428

Is virtual reality emotionally arousing? Investigating five emotion inducing virtual park scenarios

Felnhofer, A., Kothgassner, O. D., Schmidt, M., Heinzle, A.-K., Beutl, L., Hlavacs, H., & Kryspin‐Exner, I. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.05.004 · Cited by 385

The Extended Amygdala: Are the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala and the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Differentially Involved in Fear versus Anxiety?

DAVIS, M., & SHI, C. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09273.x · Cited by 328

Roles of the Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis in Fear and Anxiety Measured with the Acoustic Startle Reflex

DAVIS, M., Walker, D. L., & LEE, Y. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48289.x · Cited by 280

Danger, Disease, and the Nature of Prejudice(s)

Schaller, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (2012) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00001-5 · Cited by 280

Fear of the Dark: Interactive Effects of Beliefs about Danger and Ambient Darkness on Ethnic Stereotypes

Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203029005008 · Cited by 257

Amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: differential roles in fear and anxiety measured with the acoustic startle reflex

The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, Davis, M., Walker, D. L., & Lee, Y. (1997) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0149 · Cited by 254

Dispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective.

Shackman, A. J., Tromp, D., Stockbridge, M. D., Kaplan, C. M., Tillman, R. M., & Fox, A. S. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000073 · Cited by 249

The defense system of fear: behavior and neurocircuitry

Misslin, R. (2003) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/s0987-7053(03)00009-1 · Cited by 240

Vulnerability factors among children at risk for anxiety disorders

Merikangas, K. R., Avenevoli, S., Dierker, L., & Grillon, C. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00172-9 · Cited by 229

Evolutionary Social Psychology

Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Handbook of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002021 · Cited by 67

Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats

Walker, D. L., & Davis, M. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00441-6 · Cited by 211

Anxiolytic effects of a novel group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist (LY354740) in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm in humans

Grillon, C., Cordova, J., Levine, L. R., & Morgan, C. A. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-003-1444-8 · Cited by 186

Prehistoric dangers and contemporary prejudices

Schaller, M., Park, J. G., & Faulkner, J. (2003) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280340000036 · Cited by 186

Attention, Heart Rate, and Startle Response During Exposure to Trauma-Relevant Pictures: A Comparison of Recent Trauma Victims and Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Elsesser, K., Sartory, G., & Tackenberg, A. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.2.289 · Cited by 178

The Benzodiazepine Alprazolam Dissociates Contextual Fear from Cued Fear in Humans as Assessed by Fear-potentiated Startle

Grillon, C., Baas, J. M. P., Pine, D. S., Lissek, S., Lawley, M., Ellis, V., & Levine, J. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.027 · Cited by 157

Alcohol selectively reduces anxiety but not fear: Startle response during unpredictable versus predictable threat.

Moberg, C. A., & Curtin, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015636 · Cited by 138

Acute Stress Potentiates Anxiety in Humans

Grillon, C., Dunčko, R., Covington, M. F., Kopperman, L., & Kling, M. A. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.007 · Cited by 127

Individual differences in fear-potentiated startle as a function of resting heart rate variability: implications for panic disorder

Melzig, C. A., Weike, A. I., Hamm, A. O., & Thayer, J. F. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.07.013 · Cited by 126

Anxiety-induced cognitive bias in non-human animals

Burman, O. H. P., Parker, R. M., Paul, E. S., & Mendl, M. (2009) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.012 · Cited by 126

Brightness differences influence the evaluation of affective pictures

Lakens, D., Fockenberg, D. A., Lemmens, K. P. H., Ham, J. R. C., & Midden, C. J. H. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.781501 · Cited by 122

Adaptive and maladaptive psychobiological responses to severe psychological stress: implications for the discovery of novel pharmacotherapy

Bonne, O. B., Grillon, C., Vythilingam, M., Neumeister, A., & Charney, D. S. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.001 · Cited by 128

Horror Movies and the Cognitive Ecology of Primary Metaphors

Winter, B. (2014) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2014.924280 · Cited by 122

Selective breeding for differential saccharin intake as an animal model of drug abuse

Carroll, M. E., Morgan, A. D., Anker, J. J., Perry, J. L., & Dess, N. K. (2008) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830c3632 · Cited by 118

Benzodiazepines have no effect on fear-potentiated startle in humans

Baas, J., Grillon, C., Böcker, K., Brack, A., Morgan, C., Kenemans, L., & Verbaten, M. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1011-8 · Cited by 116

Effect of Darkness on Acoustic Startle in Vietnam Veterans With PTSD

Grillon, C., Morgan, C. A., Davis, M. E., & Southwick, S. M. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.6.812 · Cited by 114

Developmental rodent models of fear and anxiety: from neurobiology to pharmacology

Ganella, D. E., & Kim, J. H. (2014) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.12643 · Cited by 107

Physiological markers of anxiety are increased in children of abused mothers

Jovanovic, T., Smith, A., Kamkwalala, A., Poole, J., Samples, T., Norrholm, S. D., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02410.x · Cited by 102

Managing Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships

Kurzban, R., & Neuberg, S. L. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939376.ch22 · Cited by 101

The Behavioral Immune System

Schaller, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych107 · Cited by 103

Adolescent fears as predictors of depression

Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., & Brook, J. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01238-0 · Cited by 98

Acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, and fear-potentiated startle measured in rhesus monkeys

Winslow, J. T., Parr, L. A., & Davis, M. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01345-8 · Cited by 94

Anatomic and Physiologic Substrates of Emotion in an Animal Model

Davis, M. E. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-199809000-00002 · Cited by 85

Dynamics of Defensive Reactivity in Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Implications for the Etiology of Panic Disorder

Richter, J., Hamm, A. O., Pané‐Farré, C. A., Gerlach, A. L., Gloster, A. T., Wïttchen, H., Lang�, T., Alpers, G. W., Helbig‐Lang, S., Deckert, J., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.035 · Cited by 81

Human evolution and social cognition

Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Kenrick, D. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0033 · Cited by 82

But for the bad, there would not be good: Grounding valence in brightness through shared relational structures.

Lakens, D., Min, G.-S. R., & Foroni, F. (2012) · Journal of experimental psychology. General · doi:10.1037/a0026468 · Cited by 82

The cognitive impact of light: illuminating ipRGC circuit mechanisms

Mahoney, H. L., & Schmidt, T. M. (2024) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-023-00788-5 · Cited by 83

The brain orexin system and almorexant in fear-conditioned startle reactions in the rat

Steiner, M. A., Lecourt, H., & Jenck, F. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2736-7 · Cited by 80

The effects of sex and neonatal maternal separation on fear-potentiated and light-enhanced startle

de Jongh, R., Geyer, M. A., Olivier, B., & Groenink, L. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.004 · Cited by 78

Alcohol stress response dampening: selective reduction of anxiety in the face of uncertain threat

Hefner, K. R., & Curtin, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111416691 · Cited by 74

Nicotine Withdrawal Increases Threat-Induced Anxiety but Not Fear: Neuroadaptation in Human Addiction

Hogle, J. M., Kaye, J. T., & Curtin, J. J. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.003 · Cited by 72

Startle potentiation by threat of aversive stimuli and darkness in adolescents: a multi-site study

Grillon, C., Merikangas, K. R., Dierker, L., Snidman, N., Arriaga, R. I., Kagan, J., Donzella, B., Dikel, T., & Nelson, C. (1999) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00002-1 · Cited by 70

The light-enhanced startle paradigm as a putative animal model for anxiety: effects of chlordiazepoxide, flesinoxan and fluvoxamine

de Jongh, R., Groenink, L., van der Gugten, J., & Olivier, B. (2002) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130100914 · Cited by 70

Effects of threat of shock, shock electrode placement and darkness on startle

Grillon, C., & Ameli, R. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00072-x · Cited by 68

Startle reflex modulation and autonomic responding during anxious apprehension in panic disorder patients

Melzig, C. A., Weike, A. I., Zimmermann, J., & Hamm, A. O. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00560.x · Cited by 66

Modeling anxiety in healthy humans: a key intermediate bridge between basic and clinical sciences

Grillon, C., Robinson, O. J., Cornwell, B., & Ernst, M. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0445-1 · Cited by 73

Darkness-enhanced startle responses in ecologically valid environments: A virtual tunnel driving experiment

Mühlberger, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.004 · Cited by 63

Investigation of a central nucleus of the amygdala/dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic circuit implicated in fear-potentiated startle

Spannuth, B. M., Hale, M. W., Evans, A. K., Lukkes, J. L., Campeau, S., & Lowry, C. A. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.042 · Cited by 62

Light enhances learned fear

Warthen, D. M., Wiltgen, B. J., & Provencio, I. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1103214108 · Cited by 58

Pharmacological enhancement of fear reduction: preclinical models

Graham, B. M., Langton, J. M., & Richardson, R. (2010) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01175.x · Cited by 57

Alcohol stress response dampening during imminent versus distal, uncertain threat.

Hefner, K. R., Moberg, C. A., Hachiya, L. Y., & Curtin, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033407 · Cited by 56

Light-enhanced and fear-potentiated startle: temporal characteristics and effects of α-helical corticotropin-releasing hormone

de Jongh, R., Groenink, L., van der Gugten, J., & Olivier, B. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00468-2 · Cited by 54

Exercise is associated with reduction in the anxiogenic effect of mCPP on acoustic startle.

Fox, J. H., Hammack, S. E., & Falls, W. A. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.122.4.943 · Cited by 53

Anticipation of interoceptive threat in highly anxiety sensitive persons

Melzig, C. A., Michałowski, J. M., Holtz, K., & Hamm, A. O. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.07.002 · Cited by 52

Is a Dark Virtual Environment Scary?

Toet, A., van Welie, M., & Houtkamp, J. M. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0293 · Cited by 51

Night or darkness, which intensifies the feeling of fear?

Li, Y., Ma, W., Kang, Q., Qiao, L., Tang, D., Qiu, J., Zhang, Q., & Li, H. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.021 · Cited by 60

Effects of environmental colours in virtual reality: Physiological arousal affected by lightness and hue

Weijs, M. L., Jonauskaitė, D., Reutimann, R., Möhr, C., & Lenggenhager, B. (2023) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.230432 · Cited by 48

Shock sensitization of startle: learned or unlearned fear?

Richardson, R. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00189-8 · Cited by 49

Fundamental social motives and the varieties of religious experience

Johnson, K. A., Li, Y. J., & Cohen, A. B. (2014) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2014.918684 · Cited by 42

Effects of alcohol on baseline startle and prepulse inhibition in young men at risk for alcoholism and/or anxiety disorders.

Grillon, C., Sinha, R., Ameli, R., & O’Malley, S. S. (2000) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol · doi:10.15288/jsa.2000.61.46 · Cited by 42

Enhancement of the acoustic startle reflex by an alarm pheromone in male rats

Inagaki, H., Kiyokawa, Y., Kikusui, T., Takeuchi, Y., & Mori, Y. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.10.021 · Cited by 44

Exposure of mice to a predator odor increases acoustic startle but does not disrupt the rewarding properties of VTA intracranial self-stimulation

Hebb, A. L. O., Zacharko, R. M., Gauthier, M. S., & Drolet, G. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03008-7 · Cited by 41

The Faintest Speck of Dirt

Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Clore, G. L. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612445318 · Cited by 44

Homo temporus : Seasonal Cycles as a Fundamental Source of Variation in Human Psychology

Hohm, I., Wormley, A. S., Schaller, M., & Varnum, M. E. W. (2023) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231178695 · Cited by 41

Exploring Adaptations to Famine: Rats Selectively Bred for Differential Intake of Saccharin Differ on Deprivation-Induced Hyperactivity and Emotionality

Dess, N. K., Arnal, J., Chapman, C. D., Siebel, S., Vanderweele, D. A., & Green, K. F. (2000) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/c4mg66 · Cited by 37

Auditory Alert Characteristics: A Survey of Pilot Views

Peryer, G., Noyes, J., Pleydell-Pearce, K., & Lieven, N. A. J. (2005) · International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327108ijap1503_2 · Cited by 37

A computational model for the modulation of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex

Ramírez-Moreno, D. F., & B, T. J. S. A. (2012) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s00422-012-0485-7 · Cited by 40

Shedding light on emotional perception: Interaction of brightness and semantic content in extrastriate visual cortex

Schettino, A., Keil, A., Porcu, E., & Müller, M. M. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.020 · Cited by 36

Acoustic startle and open-field behavior in mice bred for magnitude of swim analgesia

Błaszczyk, J. W., Tajchert, K., Łapo, I. B., & Sadowski, B. (2000) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00289-4 · Cited by 36

Distinct populations of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons mediate divergent yet complementary defensive behaviors in response to a threat

Chudoba, R., & Dabrowska, J. (2023) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109461 · Cited by 38

Feeling light or dark? Emotions affect perception of brightness

Zhang, X., Zuo, B., Erskine, K., & Hu, T. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.007 · Cited by 33

Converging Prefronto-Insula-Amygdala Pathways in Negative Emotion Regulation in Marmoset Monkeys

Shiba, Y., Oikonomidis, L., Sawiak, S. J., Fryer, T. D., Hong, Y. T., Cockcroft, G. J., Santangelo, A. M., & Roberts, A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.016 · Cited by 32

The need to belong, the sociometer, and the pursuit of relational value: Unfinished business

Leary, M. (2020) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2020.1779120 · Cited by 28

On the Prioritized Processing of Threat in a Dual Implicit Process Model of Evaluation

March, D. S., Gaertner, L., & Olson, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2018.1435680 · Cited by 34

Probing for Neuroadaptations to Unpredictable Stressors in Addiction: Translational Methods and Emerging Evidence

Kaye, J. T., Bradford, D. E., Magruder, K. P., & Curtin, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.353 · Cited by 29

Impressions of Danger Influence Impressions of People: An Evolutionary Perspective on Individual and Collective Cognition

Schaller, M., Faulkner, J., Park, H. J., Neuberg, L. S., & Kenrick, T. D. (2004) · Journal of Cultural and Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1556/jcep.2.2004.3-4.4 · Cited by 29

Nyctophobia: From Imagined to Realistic Fears of the Dark

Levos, J., & Zacchilli, T. L. (2015) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn20.2.102 · Cited by 28

Joyful Adventures and Frightening Places–Designing Emotion-Inducing Virtual Environments

Steinhaeusser, S. C., Oberdörfer, S., von Mammen, S., Latoschik, M. E., & Lugrin, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.919163 · Cited by 27

The role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in nonimage-forming responses to light

Provencio, I., & Warthen (2012) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s27839 · Cited by 31

Circadian Time Does Not Modify the Prepulse Inhibition Response or Its Attenuation by Apomorphine

Weiss, I. C., Feldon, J., & Domeney, A. M. (1999) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00100-8 · Cited by 26

Activation of the septohippocampal system differentiates anxiety from fear in startle paradigms

Veening, J. G., Böcker, K. B. E., Verdouw, P. M., Olivier, B., de Jongh, R., & Groenink, L. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.064 · Cited by 26

Fear-Potentiated Startle

Hamm, A. O. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.55023-5 · Cited by 25

Metaphor, Metonymy, the Body and the Environment

Littlemore, J., Bolognesi, M., Julich-Warpakowski, N., Leung, C.-H. D., & Sobrino, P. P. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009042468 · Cited by 23

A cost minimisation and Bayesian inference model predicts startle reflex modulation across species

Bach, D. R. (2015) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.01.031 · Cited by 23

Favoured genetic background for testing anxiolytics in the fear-potentiated and light-enhanced startle paradigms in the rat

Steiner, M. A., Lecourt, H., Rakotoariniaina, A., & Jenck, F. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.021 · Cited by 23

Structural deviations drive an uncanny valley of physical places

Diel, A., & Lewis, M. B. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101844 · Cited by 21

Behavioral Correlates of Anxiety

Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2009_11 · Cited by 22

Synapses, circuits, and the ontogeny of learning

Hunt, P. S., Fanselow, M. S., Richardson, R., Mauk, M. D., Freeman, J. H., & Stanton, M. E. (2007) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20250 · Cited by 21

Communication by unvoiced speech: the role of whispering

Cirillo, J. (2004) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/s0001-37652004000200034 · Cited by 21

Potentiation of acoustic startle behavior in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) at the onset of darkness.

Ison, J. R., Bowen, G. P., & Kellogg, C. K. (1991) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.105.1.3 · Cited by 19

Effects of threat of shock, shock electrode placement and darkness on startle

Grillon, C., & Ameli, R. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00072-x · Cited by 68

Fearfulness and Startle Potentiation during Aversive Visual Stimuli

Cook, E. W., Davis, T. L., Hawk, L. W., Spence, E. L., & Gautier, C. H. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02038.x · Cited by 156

High Illumination Levels Potentiate the Acoustic Startle Response in Preweanling Rats.

Weber, M. F., Watts, N. R., & Richardson, R. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.6.1458 · Cited by 7

Effects of acoustic prepulses on the startle reflex in rats: a parametric analysis

Reijmers, L. G. J. E., & Peeters, B. W. M. M. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)91204-1 · Cited by 70