Effects of combined administration of vitamins C and E on reactive hyperemia and inflammatory process in chronic smokers
Abstract
Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined administration of antioxidant vitamins C and E on endothelial function and serum levels of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukines 1b (IL-1b) and 6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin in chronic smokers. Forty-three smokers were randomly divided into four groups receiving vitamin C 2 g/day (group A), vitamin C 2 g/day plus vitamin E 400 IU/day (group B), vitamin C 2 g/day plus vitamin E 800 IU/day (group C) or no antioxidant treatment (group D), for 4 weeks. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured using venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography. Forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia (RH%) was expressed as the percentage change from baseline to post reactive hyperemia blood flow. RH% was significantly increased in groups B (P<0.05) and C (P<0.01), but remained unaffected in groups A and D. Serum levels of IL-1b, IL-6, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 were significantly reduced in group C (P<0.05, respectively), but remained unaffected in groups A, B and D. Thus, short term administration of vitamins C (2 g/day) and E (800 IU/day) reduces serum levels of IL-1b, IL-6, sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1, and improves forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia in healthy young smokers, while monotherapy with vitamin C alone is ineffective.
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Several training interventions did not change basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations.
“Several training interventions have not produced changes in basal IL-6 or CRP concentrations (213 -218) , while significant reductions in inflammatory markers have been observed following training without changes in BMI or body fat in elderly participants (219,220) .”
From Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [215]
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The influence of micronutrients on olfactory dysfunction associated with COVID-19 and long COVID
Younes, S. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.101727
- Authors
- Tousoulis, D.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Tousoulis, D
- ORCID
- Tousoulis, D
- Venue
- Atherosclerosis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 261-267
- ISSN
- 0021-9150 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094864295
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Atherosclerosis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- vitamin C, vitamin E, antioxidant supplementation, reactive hyperemia, endothelial function, chronic smokers, inflammation, IL-1β, interleukin-6, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, forearm blood flow, vasodilation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Endothelium, Vascular, Female, Forearm, Humans, Hyperemia, Male, Plethysmography, Smoking, Vasodilation, Vitamin E, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators
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