The growth response of mammalian cells in tissue culture to L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid
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Twelve n-amino acids (arginine, cystine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine) have been found essential for the growth of two mammalian cell lines in tissue culture, a mouse fibroblast' (strain L) (1) and a human uterine carcinoma cell (strain HeLa) (2).The minimal vitamin requirement of these cell lines has also been defined (3).As will be shown here, under the conditions of the present experiments, glutamine proved similarly essential for the survival and growth of both cell lines.In a medium containing the twelve amino acids previously shown to be essential, the seven demonstrably essential vitamins, glucose, electrolytes, and serum protein, both the mouse fibroblast and the human carcinoma cell degenerated and died unless the medium was supplemented with glutamine.The quantitative aspects of this glutamine requirement, and the limited degree to which it could be satisfied by glutamic acid, are described. Methods and MaterialsThe methods of maintaining stock cultures of the two cell lines, of setting up replicate cultures with the various experimental media, and of cell enumeration to evaluate the growth response have been described in previous papers dealing with the amino acid and vitamin requirements of the mouse fibroblast (1, 3) and the HeLa carcinoma cell (2, 3).A helpful modification in the cell-counting, procedure has been the use of disodium Versenate (disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) to disperse the cells, instead of mechanically scraping them from the surface of the culture flask.The flask was drained, and 3 ml. of fresh medium at pH
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Glutamine supplementation is necessary for the growth and viability of many cultured cell lines, particularly cancer cell lines.
“While glutamine can be synthesized directly by most mammalian cells, it has been recognized for several decades that glutamine supplementation is necessary for the growth and viability of many cultured cell lines, particularly cancer cell lines (72, 75, 76).”
From Regulation and function of the mammalian tricarboxylic acid cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [76]
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Self-citationDietary Glutamine Enhances Murine T-Lymphocyte Responsiveness
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The Utilization Of Phenylalanine And Tyrosine For Protein Synthesis By Human Cells In Tissue Culture
Eagle, H., Piez, K. A., & Fleischman, R. (1957) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)70665-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationRETRACTED: Glutamine Metabolism and Its Role in Immunity, a Comprehensive Review
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RetractedThe metabolic cooperation between cells in solid cancer tumors
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Hybridoma growth limitations: The roles of energy metabolism and ammonia production
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GAMMA GLOBULIN AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VITRO
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New staining method for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in brdu-labelled chromosomes
Alves, P., & Jonasson, J. (1978) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.32.1.185 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
International Cooperation in Radiobiology through an Agency Sponsored by the United Nations
Bacq, Z. M. (1956) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.123.3202.845-a · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Towards Physiologic Culture Approaches to Improve Standard Cultivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Glutamine and the regulation of DNA replication and cell multiplication in fibroblasts
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- Authors
- Eagle, H., Oyama, V. I., Levy, M., Horton, C. L., & Fleischman, R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1956-02
- Volume
- 218
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 607-616
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1243294255
- Cited by
- 354
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Sulfur Compounds in Biology
- Keywords
- glutamine, glutamate, cell growth, amino acid requirements, essential amino acids, cell culture media, vitamin requirements, cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Glutamates, Glutamine, Humans, Neoplasms, Glutamic Acid, Tissue Culture Techniques
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