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Development of phonological and orthographic processing in reading aloud, in silent reading, and in spelling: A four-year longitudinal study

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Sprenger-Charolles, Liliane, Siegel, Linda S, Béchennec, Danielle, Serniclaes, Willy·2003·Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

DOI 10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00024-9

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Abstract

The development of phonological and orthographic processing was studied from the middle of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 4 (age 6; 6-10 years) using the effects of regularity and of lexicality in reading aloud and in spelling tasks, and using the effect of pseudohomophony in a silent reading task. In all the tasks, signs of reliance on phonological processing were found even when indicators of reliance on orthographic processing appeared. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which early skills predict later reading achievement. Pseudoword and irregular word scores were used as measures for phonological and orthographic skills, respectively. Only middle of Grade 1 phonological reading skills accounted for independent variance in end of Grade 4 orthographic skills. Conversely, from the middle to the end of Grade 1, and from the end of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 4, both orthographic and phonological skills accounted for independent variance in later orthographic skills. In the prediction of phonological skills, only the unique contribution of earlier phonological skills was significant. Thus, phonological and orthographic processing appear to be reciprocally related, rather than independent components of written word recognition. However, very early reliance on the phonological procedure seems to be the bootstrapping mechanism for reading acquisition.

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Self-citation

Authors: Sprenger-Charolles, L., Siegel, L. S., Béchennec, D., & Serniclaes, W.
Affiliations: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author: Siegel, Linda S
ORCID: Siegel, Linda S
Venue: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-03
Volume: 84
Issue: 3
Pages: 194-217
ISSN: 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00024-9
OpenAlex: W2119061789
Cited by: 277
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 18.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hal.science
Licence: other-oa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
Keywords: phonological processing, orthographic processing, reading acquisition, reading aloud, silent reading, spelling, lexicality, pseudowords, bootstrapping, early literacy, reading achievement prediction
MeSH terms: Child, Child Development, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Processes, Phonetics, Reading, Task Performance and Analysis, Recognition, Psychology

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Development of phonological and orthographic processing in reading aloud, in silent reading, and in spelling: A four-year longitudinal study

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