The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequency and the conference of referential validity
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, repeating myths might contribute to increasing their acceptance due to their perceived familiarity [22, 23, 24].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Familiarity appears as a key determinant of this effect; indeed, when something seems familiar is easier to process and one is more inclined to believe it [24], regardless of whether the statement is factually true or false [22, 47] or was initially rated as credible or questionable [48].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This happens, at least partly, because people tend to mistake repetition for truth, a phenomenon known as the “illusory truth” effect [22, 23].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
The abstraction of linguistic ideas
Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(71)90019-3 · Cited by 1,281
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12392-6 · Cited by 985
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 501
Wortman, C. B., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421418 · Cited by 428
The cognitive side of probability learning.
Estes, W. K. (1976) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.83.1.37 · Cited by 326
A frequency theory of verbal-discrimination learning.
Ekstrand, B. R., Wallace, W. P., & Underwood, B. J. (1966) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0023876 · Cited by 261
Communication and Affect: Language and Thought
Pliner, P. P., Krames, L., Alloway, T. M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1973) · Cited by 239
Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency.
Attneave, F. (1953) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057955 · Cited by 197
Effects of "mere exposure" on learning and affect.
Stang, D. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076165 · Cited by 158
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 912
The influence of need for closure on consumer behaviour
Vermeir, I. (2003) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 6
Illusory Truth Occurs Even with Incentives for AccuracyPreprint
Brashier, N. M., & Rand, D. G. (2021) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/83m9y · Cited by 7
Bad beliefs: automaticity, arationality, and intervention
Gadsby, S. (2023) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2023.2173060 · Cited by 8
How online misinformation exploits ‘information voids’ — and what to do about it
(2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-024-00030-x · Cited by 6
Interrupting resonant amplification: A mechanistic and design framework for human–AI interaction
Kim, R. S. (2026) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2026.100975 · Cited by 5
Ye, S., Attali, D., Ghazi, M., Cachia, A., Cassotti, M., & Borst, G. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70041-x · Cited by 7
Chen, W., Tan, H.-T., & Wang, E. (2023) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2023.101470 · Cited by 6
Pan, W., & Hu, T.-Y. (2024) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2024.2363366 · Cited by 5
Modeling the link between the plausibility of statements and the truth effect
Aktepe, S. C., & Heck, D. W. (2025) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-025-02647-z · Cited by 6
Brauer, M. C., & Foust, M. S. (2020) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.3.291 · Cited by 5
Publishing, Perishing, and the Infodemic of Fake Science
Kirkpatrick, A. W., & Randall, T. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99680-2_5 · Cited by 5
The illusion of pure reason in science: A cautionary note
Miller, R. R. (2023) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104863 · Cited by 6
The relevance of syntactic complexity for truth judgments: A registered report
Schmidt, O., & Heck, D. W. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103623 · Cited by 5
Inside the echo chamber: Linguistic underpinnings of misinformation on Twitter
Wang, X., Li, J., & Rajtmajer, S. M. (2024) · ACM Web Science Conference (WebSci) · doi:10.1145/3614419.3644009 · Cited by 7
Memory and belief updating following complete and partial reminders of fake news
Kemp, P. L., Sinclair, A. H., Adcock, R. A., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00546-w · Cited by 6
Kemp, P. L., Loaiza, V. M., Kelley, C. M., & Wahlheim, C. N. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00585-3 · Cited by 6
Potential Paradoxical Effects of Myth-Busting as a Nutrition Education Strategy for Older Adults
Ansburg, P. I., & Heiss, C. J. (2012) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2012.10599215 · Cited by 5
Ansburg, P. I. (2015) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2015.1121751 · Cited by 5
Morar, N., & Washington, N. (2016) · The Hastings Center Report · doi:10.1002/hast.588 · Cited by 5
Building an Informing Science Model in Light of Fake News
Cohen, E. (2019) · Informing Science The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline · doi:10.28945/4486 · Cited by 6
A developing country's commercial banking risk governance disclosures: Post‐financial crisis
Weekes‐Marshall, D. (2020) · International Journal of Finance & Economics · doi:10.1002/ijfe.2320 · Cited by 5
Mythen, Fehlvorstellungen, Fehlkonzepte und Irrtümer in Schule und Unterricht
Steins, G., Spinath, B., Dutke, S., Roth, M., Limbourg, M., & Wiesbaden, S. F. (2022) · Psychologie in Bildung und Erziehung: vom Wissen zum Handeln · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36260-7 · Cited by 5
Vlasceanu, M., & Coman, A. (2022) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3972 · Cited by 5
Rahmanian, E., & Esfidani, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Creative Communications · doi:10.1177/09732586221116464 · Cited by 5
Mattavelli, S., Bianchi, C., & Motterlini, M. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01742-9 · Cited by 5
Stubbersfield, J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198869252.013.72 · Cited by 5
Der Zuschnitt von Werbung auf die Zielgruppe älterer Menschen
Bieri, R., Florack, A., & Scarabis, M. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Medienpsychologie · doi:10.1026/1617-6383.18.1.19 · Cited by 5
When does making detailed predictions make predictions worse?
Kelly, T. F., & Simmons, J. P. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000204 · Cited by 5
Making a Message Memorable and Persuasive
MacLachlan, J. (1983) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.1983.12467996 · Cited by 5
The Interpretation of Cognitive Feelings
Unkelbach, C. (2005) · heiDOK (Heidelberg University) · doi:10.11588/heidok.00005733 · Cited by 5
Industrial symbiosis recommender systems
van Capelleveen, G. (2020) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036550079 · Cited by 5
Repeating Statements Increases Source Credibility
Mattavelli, S., Brambilla, M., & Unkelbach, C. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672251347420 · Cited by 6
Bublitz, C. (2025) · Human Rights Review · doi:10.1007/s12142-025-00751-0 · Cited by 5
Glenisson, L., Hallez, L., & Smits, T. (2026) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2026.108551 · Cited by 4
Older adults and online health misinformation: a systematic literature review
Hu, H., Jin, G., & Zhang, X. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04714-z · Cited by 5
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0001 · Cited by 4
Fang, Y. (2024) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2328455 · Cited by 5
Identification of A.I. Generated Deep Fake Video by Higher Education Students
Delchev, K., Safieddine, F., & Hammad, R. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62281-6_33 · Cited by 6
The truth effect in relation to neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain injury
Ladowsky-Brooks, R. L. (2010) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.506856 · Cited by 4
Henderson, E. L., Vallée‐Tourangeau, F., & Simons, D. J. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.192 · Cited by 5
Lopez, B. (2020) · The Review of English Studies · doi:10.1093/res/hgaa039 · Cited by 4
Out-Party Cues and Factual Beliefs in an Era of Negative Partisanship
Ahn, S., Bergan, D. E., Carnahan, D., Barry, R. C., & Ulusoy, E. (2021) · Journal of Political Marketing · doi:10.1080/15377857.2021.1939570 · Cited by 5
Li, H., He, X., Hu, T.-Y., & Xie, X. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221105349 · Cited by 4
NATO’s Response to Information Warfare Threats
Hanley, M. (2022) · The Palgrave Macmillan series in international political communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-99987-2_11 · Cited by 4
Why leading is (almost) as important as winning
Alves, H., Vogel, T., Grüning, D. J., & Mata, A. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105282 · Cited by 4
The Misinformation Threat: A Techno-Governance Approach for Curbing the Fake News of Tomorrow
Cassar, D. R. (2023) · Digital Government Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3631615 · Cited by 4
Kurtenbach, S., Küchler, A. C. D., & Zick, A. (2024) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/10780874241259423 · Cited by 4
Las decisiones de los inversionistas a través del lente de la economía del comportamiento
Murphy, D. S. (2013) · Contabilidad y Negocios · doi:10.18800/contabilidad.201301.001 · Cited by 6
Epistemic value in the subpersonal vale
Carter, J. A., & Rupert, R. D. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02631-1 · Cited by 4
Computational propaganda: Structural characteristics and vectors of research
Vasilkova, V. V., & Trekin, P. A. (2020) · Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Серия 12. Социология · doi:10.21638/spbu12.2020.105 · Cited by 4
Basılgan, M. (2011) · Bursa Uludag University - AVESIS · Cited by 4
Schwengerer, L. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003205425-18 · Cited by 4
Does repetition impair auditors' judgments?
Green, W. (2008) · Managerial Auditing Journal · doi:10.1108/02686900810899509 · Cited by 4
Huang, H., & Kuo, M.-C. (2015) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2015.1069397 · Cited by 4
Conclusion: How to Think Critically about Politics … and Anything Else!
Sternberg, R. J., & Halpern, D. F. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108684354.016 · Cited by 4
Judgment and Response Processes across Two Knowledge Domains
Bender, R. H. (1998) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2792 · Cited by 4
Semantic prime inhibition and memory monitoring
Brown, A. S., & Bradley, C. K. (1985) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03329793 · Cited by 4
Béna, J., Carreras, O., & Terrier, P. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tf76n · Cited by 5
Kepplinger, H. M., & Zerback, T. (2013) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2012-3-4 · Cited by 4
keersmaecker, J. D., Dunning, D. A., Pennycook, G., Rand, D. G., Sanchez, C. J., Unkelbach, C., & Roets, A. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/n7bze · Cited by 4
Changing perceptions of people wearing masks: Two years of living in a pandemic
Fang, X., & Kawakami, K. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3069 · Cited by 3
The development of affective preferences and beliefs: A processing fluency framework
Reber, R., Richter, J., & Prenevost, M. H. (2024) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2024.101148 · Cited by 5
Relevance theory for mapping cognitive biases in fact-checking: an argumentative approach
Masotina, M., Musi, E., & Yates, S. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1468879 · Cited by 5
Stump, A., Wüstenberg, T., Rouder, J. N., & Voß, A. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01266-4 · Cited by 3
The persuasive potential of AI-paraphrased information at scale
Dash, S., Xu, Y., Jalbert, M. C., & Spiro, E. S. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf207 · Cited by 6
Liu, X., Shen, W., Hu, X.-Y., & Lu, F. (2025) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.138.1.03 · Cited by 3
Wahlheim, C. N., Kemp, P. L., Wiley, R. W., & Engelhardt, A. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01760-7 · Cited by 3
Debunking meat myths using the truth sandwich: A longitudinal experiment among German meat consumers
Seffen, A. E., Weingarten, N., Mai, C., & Dohle, S. (2025) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105704 · Cited by 3
Wieberneit, M., Notebaert, L., Clare, J., & Tubex, H. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.70041 · Cited by 3
É Possível Evitar Vieses Algorítmicos?
Barth, C. H. (2021) · Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea · doi:10.26512/rfmc.v8i3.34363 · Cited by 4
Landwehr, J. R., Winkler, S., & Bornemann, T. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221105375 · Cited by 4
An ongoing secondary task can reduce the illusory truth effect
Ly, D. P., Bernstein, D. M., & Newman, E. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215432 · Cited by 3
Bullshitting and Bullibility – Conditions and Consequences
Petrocelli, J. V., Li, Y., Wang, E., & Curran, J. M. (2024) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000561 · Cited by 3
Matthias, C., Benn, Y., & Harkin, B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323436 · Cited by 2
Obsessive-compulsive disorder and thinking illusions
Dèttore, D. (2011) · Florence Research (University of Florence) · Cited by 3
Imaginary Worlds and Their Borders: An Opinion Article
Wiepke, A., & Miklashevsky, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.793764 · Cited by 3
The effect of others’ repeated retrieval on the illusion of truth for emotional information
An, S., Mao, W., Xu, L., & Raza, H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03105-y · Cited by 3
Item-method directed forgetting and perceived truth of news headlines
Abel, M., & Bäuml, K. T. (2023) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2023.2267191 · Cited by 3
False information is harder to debunk after gist repetitions than verbatim repetitions
Gratton, C., Béghin, G., Gagnon‐St‐Pierre, É., & Markovits, H. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2024.2314975 · Cited by 3
Danilov, I. V., & Mihailova, S. (2024) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2403243 · Cited by 3
Funded, then forgotten: politics, public memory and national school reform
Orchard, H., Riddle, S., & Hickey, A. T. (2024) · Critical Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/17508487.2024.2402787 · Cited by 3
Meehan, R. (2024) · European Review of International Studies · doi:10.1163/21967415-11020001 · Cited by 3
Rogues, Rumours and Giants: Some Examples of Deception and Fabulation in Contemporary Art
Reeves-Evison, T. (2015) · Parallax · doi:10.1080/13534645.2015.1022368 · Cited by 3
He, J., Mou, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1852/3/032057 · Cited by 3
Grüner, S. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences · doi:10.1504/ijads.2022.120263 · Cited by 3
Danilov, I. V., & Mihailova, S. (2022) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2202122 · Cited by 3
Belief in COVID ‐19 misinformation: Hopeful claims are rated as truer
Stone, A. R., & Marsh, E. J. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4042 · Cited by 3
What makes narratives feel right? The role of metacognitive experiences
Schwarz, N. (2023) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x22002758 · Cited by 3
Semantic–episodic interactions in the neuropsychology of disbelief
Ladowsky-Brooks, R. L., & Alcock, J. E. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800600923723 · Cited by 3
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0002 · Cited by 3
Santos, A. S., Ramos, T., Garcia‐Marques, L., & Carneiro, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12365 · Cited by 3
Chapter 8 Casimir Forces: Fundamental Theory, Computation, and Nanodevice Applications
Pinto, F. (2018) · NATO science for peace and security series. B, Physics and biophysics · doi:10.1007/978-94-024-1544-5_8 · Cited by 3
Béna, J., Rouard, M., & Corneille, O. (2023) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.4134 · Cited by 6
How People in the Remote Area React to the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Early Phase
Ghani, M. W. (2020) · Masyarakat Indonesia · doi:10.14203/jmi.v46i2.907 · Cited by 3
American Media and the Smoking-related Behaviors of Asian Adolescents
Goldberg, M. E. (2003) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-43-1-12-13 · Cited by 3
Broad vs. Narrow Brand Strategies: The Effects of Association Accessibility on Brand Performance
Olsen, L. E. (2011) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 3
Schmidt, O., & Heck, D. W. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rdegq · Cited by 3
Xia, S.-J., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Li, Z., Wan, Z., & Sun, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5731427 · Cited by 3
High fluency can improve recognition sensitivity based on learned metacognitive expectations
Esser, S., Lustig, C., & Haider, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958511 · Cited by 3
A Picture Corrects a Thousand Words – The Effect of Photos on Veracity Feedback
Pulm, C., Gast, A., & Rummel, J. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103758 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Villanova University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasher, Lynn
- ORCID
- Toppino, Thomas
- Venue
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1977-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-112
- ISSN
- 0022-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034532433
- Cited by
- 920
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- frequency of occurrence, confidence ratings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review