The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Frequency and the conference of referential validity
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, repeating myths might contribute to increasing their acceptance due to their perceived familiarity [22, 23, 24].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Familiarity appears as a key determinant of this effect; indeed, when something seems familiar is easier to process and one is more inclined to believe it [24], regardless of whether the statement is factually true or false [22, 47] or was initially rated as credible or questionable [48].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“This happens, at least partly, because people tend to mistake repetition for truth, a phenomenon known as the “illusory truth” effect [22, 23].”
From Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Citations
Cites
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
The abstraction of linguistic ideas
Bransford, J. D., & Franks, J. J. (1971) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(71)90019-3 · Cited by 1,281
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-12392-6 · Cited by 985
Melton, A. W. (1964) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 501
Wortman, C. B., Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1976) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421418 · Cited by 428
The cognitive side of probability learning.
Estes, W. K. (1976) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.83.1.37 · Cited by 326
A frequency theory of verbal-discrimination learning.
Ekstrand, B. R., Wallace, W. P., & Underwood, B. J. (1966) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0023876 · Cited by 261
Communication and Affect: Language and Thought
Pliner, P. P., Krames, L., Alloway, T. M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1973) · Cited by 239
Psychological probability as a function of experienced frequency.
Attneave, F. (1953) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0057955 · Cited by 197
Effects of "mere exposure" on learning and affect.
Stang, D. J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076165 · Cited by 158
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 912
An encounter frequency account of how experience affects likelihood estimation
Obrecht, N. A., Chapman, G. B., & Gelman, R. (2009) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.37.5.632 · Cited by 54
Competing cues: Older adults rely on knowledge in the face of fluency.
Brashier, N. M., Umanath, S., Cabeza, R. E. L., & Marsh, E. J. (2017) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000156 · Cited by 59
Mere repetition increases belief in factually true COVID-19-related information.
Unkelbach, C., & Speckmann, F. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.02.001 · Cited by 59
Chambers, C. G., Graham, S. A., & Turner, J. N. (2008) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690960701786111 · Cited by 54
Reality versus propaganda in the formation of beliefs about privatization
Tella, R. D., Galiani, S., & Schargrodsky, E. (2011) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.11.006 · Cited by 53
Changing False Beliefs from Repeated Advertising: The Role of Claim‐Refutation Alignment
Johar, G. V., & Roggeveen, A. L. (2007) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/s1057-7408(07)70018-9 · Cited by 53
Social Cognition in the Internet Age: Same As It Ever Was?
Sparrow, B., & Chatman, L. (2013) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2013.827079 · Cited by 55
Media Source, Selective Exposure, and Susceptibility to False Information
Clayton, K., Davis, J., Hinckley, K., & Horiuchi, Y. (2017) · Japanese Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s1468109919000082 · Cited by 52
Estimates of frequency: Attribute or attribution?
Begg, I. M., Maxwell, D., Mitterer, J. O., & Harris, G. T. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.12.4.496 · Cited by 52
Fluency and positivity as possible causes of the truth effect
Unkelbach, C., Bayer, M., Alves, H., Koch, A. S., & Stahl, C. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.015 · Cited by 51
Westra, B. L., Clancy, T. R., Sensmeier, J. E., Warren, J. J., Weaver, C. A., & Delaney, C. W. (2015) · Nursing Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1097/naq.0000000000000130 · Cited by 51
Gigerenzer, G. (2017) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000082 · Cited by 51
Aghajari, Z., Baumer, E. P. S., & DiFranzo, D. J. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579520 · Cited by 57
Eidelman, S., & Crandall, C. S. (2014) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800284-1.00002-3 · Cited by 54
Mohanty, P., Naveh‐Benjamin, M., & Ratneshwar, S. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000059 · Cited by 50
Limited effects of exposure to fake news about climate change
Otten, C. D., Siegrist, M., & Árvai, J. (2020) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/abae77 · Cited by 55
The effects of repetition on belief in naturalistic settings.
Fazio, L. K., Pillai, R. M., & Patel, D. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001211 · Cited by 53
The Keats heuristic: Rhyme as reason in aphorism interpretation
McGlone, M. S., & Tofighbakhsh, J. (1999) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/s0304-422x(99)00003-0 · Cited by 49
Only half of what i’ll tell you is true: Expecting to encounter falsehoods reduces illusory truth.
Jalbert, M. C., Schwarz, N., & Newman, E. J. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.08.010 · Cited by 49
Sparks, G. G., & Miller, W. (2001) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750128053 · Cited by 49
Barber, S. J., Rajaram, S., & Marsh, E. J. (2008) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210802360603 · Cited by 48
Reinhard, M., Schindler, S., Raabe, V., Stahlberg, D., & Messner, M. (2013) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2013.790839 · Cited by 47
Pehlivanoglu, D., Lighthall, N. R., Lin, T., Kevin, J., Polk, R. J., Perez, E., Cahill, B. S., & Ebner, N. C. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000426 · Cited by 52
The Effect of Repetition on Truth Judgments Across Development
Fazio, L. K., & Sherry, C. L. (2020) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620939534 · Cited by 54
Laurent, C. D. S., Murphy, G., Hegarty, K., & Greene, C. M. (2022) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00437-y · Cited by 53
Silva, R. R., Garcia‐Marques, T., & Mello, J. (2015) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0692-7 · Cited by 45
Tanasoca, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198851479.001.0001 · Cited by 44
The Human Shield Hypothesis: Does Predator Avoidance of Humans Create Refuges for Prey?
Gaynor, K. M., Wooster, E. I. F., Martinig, A. R., Green, J. R., Chhen, A., Cuadros, S., Gill, R., Khanal, G., Love, N., Marcus, R., et al. (2025) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.70138 · Cited by 51
Tricks of the Trade: Motivating Sales Agents to Con Older Adults
DeLiema, M., Yon, Y., & Wilber, K. H. (2014) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnu039 · Cited by 43
Swol, L. M. V. (2007) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430207074730 · Cited by 43
Sun, Y., & Xie, J. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108271 · Cited by 46
Initial judgment task and delay of the final validity-rating task moderate the truth effect
Nadarevic, L., & Erdfelder, E. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.12.002 · Cited by 42
Psychological Underpinnings of Post-Truth in Political Beliefs
McDermott, R. (2019) · PS Political Science & Politics · doi:10.1017/s104909651800207x · Cited by 42
Schwarz, N., & Jalbert, M. C. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429295379-7 · Cited by 44
Processing Fluency as the Source of Experiences at the Fringe of Consciousness
Reber, R., Fazendeiro, T. A., & Winkielman, P. (2002) · Cited by 42
The negative suggestion effect: Pondering incorrect alternatives may be hazardous to your knowledge.
Brown, A. S., Schilling, H. E. H., & Hockensmith, M. L. (1999) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.91.4.756 · Cited by 42
Intuitive averaging of categorized numerical stimuli
Malmi, R. A., & Samson, D. J. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90337-7 · Cited by 41
Learning from Tests: The Case of True-False Examinations
Toppino, T. C., & Brochin, H. A. (1989) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1989.10885940 · Cited by 41
Self-citationPersonality differences in hindsight bias
Musch, J. (2003) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210244000540 · Cited by 41
The impact of advanced AI systems on democracy
Summerfield, C., Argyle, L. P., Bakker, M. A., Collins, T., Durmus, E., Eloundou, T., Gabriel, I., Ganguli, D., Hackenburg, K., Hadfield, G. K., et al. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02309-z · Cited by 65
Romero, D. M., Swaab, R. I., Uzzi, B., & Galinsky, A. D. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215591168 · Cited by 40
Koriat, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118468333.ch12 · Cited by 40
Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195153729.003.0009 · Cited by 39
Generality of the Negative Suggestion Effect in Objective Tests
Toppino, T. C., & Luipersbeck, S. M. (1993) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.1993.9941229 · Cited by 38
Self-citationSundar, A., Kardes, F. R., & Wright, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2015.1045154 · Cited by 38
Schwarz, N. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198789710.003.0002 · Cited by 40
Is Earth a perfect square? Repetition increases the perceived truth of highly implausible statements
Lacassagne, D., Béna, J., & Corneille, O. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105052 · Cited by 44
The spacing effect in free recall emerges with development
Toppino, T. C., & DiGeorge, W. (1984) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03198425 · Cited by 37
Self-citationDistracted by “distracted pedestrians”?
Ralph, K. M., & Girardeau, I. (2020) · Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100118 · Cited by 36
Haupt, M. R., Li, J., & Mackey, T. K. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211013843 · Cited by 36
Would a stock by any other ticker smell as sweet?
Head, A., Smith, G., & Wilson, J. (2007) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2007.03.008 · Cited by 36
The moral repetition effect: Bad deeds seem less unethical when repeatedly encountered.
Effron, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001214 · Cited by 44
Fool me twice: how effective is debriefing in false memory studies?
Murphy, G., Loftus, E. F., Grady, R. H., Levine, L. J., & Greene, C. M. (2020) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2020.1803917 · Cited by 35
Profiling Fake News Spreaders on Social Media through Psychological and Motivational Factors
Karami, M., Nazer, T. H., & Liu, H. (2021) · ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT) · doi:10.1145/3465336.3475097 · Cited by 40
Remembering makes evidence compelling: retrieval from memory can give rise to the illusion of truth.
Ozubko, J. D., & Fugelsang, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0021323 · Cited by 37
Morality in social media: A scoping review
Neumann, D., & Rhodes, N. D. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231166056 · Cited by 41
Calvillo, D. P., & Smelter, T. J. (2020) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00257-y · Cited by 40
Su, Y., Borah, P., & Xiao, X. (2022) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-06-2021-0305 · Cited by 36
Koch, T., & Peter, C. (2017) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfx019 · Cited by 40
Gender and work: what veterinarians can learn from research about women, men, and work
Smith, C. A. (2002) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.2002.220.1304 · Cited by 34
Large language models (LLMs) and the institutionalization of misinformation
Garry, M., Chan, W. M., Foster, J., & Henkel, L. A. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.08.007 · Cited by 33
Supporting Policy Reform from the Outside
Smets, L. (2019) · The World Bank Research Observer · doi:10.1093/wbro/lkz006 · Cited by 33
Judging the Truth-Value of a Statement In and Out of a Deep Processing Context
Garcia‐Marques, T., Silva, R. R., & Mello, J. (2016) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2016.34.1.40 · Cited by 33
Believing that Humans Swallow Spiders in Their Sleep
Marsh, E. J., Cantor, A. D., & Brashier, N. M. (2015) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2015.09.003 · Cited by 36
Surveys as Social Indicators: Problems in Monitoring Trends
Martin, E. A. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-598226-9.50022-7 · Cited by 33
When contradictions foster persuasion: An attributional perspective
Reich, T., & Tormala, Z. L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.004 · Cited by 32
We don't know when plate tectonics began
Harrison, T. M. (2024) · Journal of the Geological Society · doi:10.1144/jgs2023-212 · Cited by 33
Mitchell, J. P., Dodson, C. S., & Schacter, D. L. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929053747595 · Cited by 32
The Unthinkable and the Unthought
Kuran, T. (1993) · Rationality and Society · doi:10.1177/1043463193005004005 · Cited by 32
Saladin, S., Boies, A. M., & Giorio, C. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00792 · Cited by 31
Face perception loves a challenge: Less information sparks more attraction
Sadr, J., & Krowicki, L. (2019) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.009 · Cited by 32
Zelenkauskaitė, A. (2021) · University of Michigan Press eBooks · doi:10.3998/mpub.12237294 · Cited by 32
Taddeo, G., Torres, B. D. F., & López, M. C. A. (2022) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c72-2022-01 · Cited by 30
The Construction of Attitudinal Judgments: Evidence from Attitude Certainty and Response Latency
Koriat, A., & Adiv, S. (2011) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2011.29.5.577 · Cited by 30
Scholl, S., Greifeneder, R., & Bless, H. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.1805 · Cited by 30
Self-Enhancing Transmission Bias and Active InvestingPreprint
Hirshleifer, D. A. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1571326 · Cited by 30
Dong, Y., Zhang, L., Lam, C., & Huang, Z. (2023) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2023.108098 · Cited by 29
Aging and fluency-based illusions in recognition memory.
Thapar, A., & Westerman, D. L. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0016575 · Cited by 29
Descartes Versus Spinoza: Truth, Uncertainty, and Bias
Street, C. N. H., & Richardson, D. C. (2015) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2015.33.2.2 · Cited by 30
Viganò, P., Caprara, F., Giola, F., Stefano, G. D., Somigliana, E., & Vercellini, P. (2024) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoae045 · Cited by 28
Pandey, V., Talan, A., Mahendru, M., & Shahzad, U. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-16002-x · Cited by 28
Nah, S., Williamson, L. D., Kahlor, L. A., Atkinson, L., Upshaw, S. J., & Ntang-Beb, J.-L. (2023) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2023.2244169 · Cited by 29
van der Linden, S., Albarracín, D., Fazio, L. K., Freelon, D., Roozenbeek, J., Swire‐Thompson, B., & Bavel, J. J. V. (2023) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e506432023-001 · Cited by 34
When the unlikely becomes likely: Qualifying language does not influence later truth judgments.
Stanley, M. L., Yang, B. W., & Marsh, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.08.004 · Cited by 30
Marino, E. B., Baleato, S., & Ribeiro, A. S. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13110603 · Cited by 27
Using Chapman’s Five Love Languages Theory to Predict Love and Relationship Satisfaction
Hughes, J. L., & Camden, A. A. (2020) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.3.234 · Cited by 33
Conceptual metaphors, processing fluency, and aesthetic preference
Zhang, L., Atari, M., Schwarz, N., Newman, E. J., & Afhami, R. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104247 · Cited by 27
Using source cues and familiarity cues to resist imagination inflation
Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., & Hunt, M. J. (2005) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.04.002 · Cited by 27
Aging and credibility judgment
Mutter, S. A., Lindsey, S., & Pliske, R. M. (1995) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825589508256590 · Cited by 27
Park, J., Yoon, S., Kim, K.-H., & Jr. Wyer Robert, S. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.405 · Cited by 27
Merisavo, M. (2006) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University) · Cited by 27
The truth revisited: Bayesian analysis of individual differences in the truth effect
Schnuerch, M., Nadarevic, L., & Rouder, J. N. (2020) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01814-8 · Cited by 26
Greene, A. J. (2021) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2021.02.045 · Cited by 30
Correcting the unknown: Negated corrections may increase belief in misinformation
Autry, K. S., & Duarte, S. E. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3823 · Cited by 26
Information Pollution, a Mounting Threat: Internet a Major Causality
Pandita, R. (2014) · Journal of Information Science Theory and Practice · doi:10.1633/jistap.2014.2.4.4 · Cited by 26
Zipped TV Commercials Boost Prior Learning
Gilmore, R. F., & Secunda, E. (1993) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1080/00218499.1993.12466921 · Cited by 34
When Thinking Feels Difficult: Meta-Cognitive Experiences in Judgment and Decision Making
Schwarz, N. (2005) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x04273144 · Cited by 26
Ease-of-learning judgments are based on both processing fluency and beliefs
Jemstedt, A., Schwartz, B. L., & Jönsson, F. U. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1410849 · Cited by 24
Think Fast, Think Slow, Think Critical: Designing an Automated Propaganda Detection Tool
Zavolokina, L., Sprenkamp, K., Katashinskaya, Z., Jones, D. G., & Schwabe, G. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642805 · Cited by 32
Hinkelmann, K., Ahmed, S., & Corradini, F. (2019) · AAAI Spring Symposium Combining Machine Learning with Knowledge Engineering · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Villanova University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasher, Lynn
- ORCID
- Toppino, Thomas
- Venue
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1977-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 107-112
- ISSN
- 0022-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2034532433
- Cited by
- 920
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 76 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- frequency of occurrence, confidence ratings
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review